5 economics factors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

5 economics factors - Essay ExampleDifferent economic factors in the US contribute to or minimize the gender gap in state economy.In 1935, the governance policy, Aids to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), was implemented and its main target was the single mothers and the low-income families. The conditions for qualification of this aid were that, the identified families had to be poor, except the single mothers who were all considered. This policy involved aid to such families. The aid came in the haoma of financial assistance, provision of free medical care, food donations, and subsidies on housing. This policy however raised a number of controversies. It was thought to result in an increased dependency of the poor in society. This would also deter the poor from looking for employment and means of self-dependence. Finally, this would discourage people from getting marriage and thus increase the number of single mothers. This was proved ineffective in ensuring a poverty-free society. Nonetheless, this policy was beneficial to women during its short practicable period.In 1996, another policy of poverty eradication was implemented as a replacement of the AFDC. This was the makeshift Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). This policy was funded by different states, unlike the AFDC, which was wholly funded by the federal government. In 2008, this policy was amended and required all single mothers to work a minimum of thirty hours in a week. The main argument for this proposition was that, most mothers in dual income families went to work, therefore, the single mothers too were pass judgment to work. In addition, unlike the AFDC, this policy had a time limit of five years. Since this program was temporal, it aimed at arming the low-income families with enough resources to help them solve their financial problems and establish themselves financially in the

Library Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Library Financial Management - Essay ExampleBudgeting can in addition be used in program depository subroutine library as standards and measures for future performance.Budgets are basically of three types to wit line particular calculateing, program budgeting and zero based budgeting. The budget type that is used by Anamerican college library is line item budget as it outlines various expenditures and resources of the library along with the various swear outs that the library offers to its users. Dossett (2004) suggests that the line item budgeting is a type that is applied to almost every library setting. This type of budget classifies each sort of activity in a separate appearance.The program budget emphasises the services or programs that are tind by the library to its customers. Hence this budget allows a library to evaluate performance with discover to various programs that it offers. Seer (2000, p188) says that the primary characteristic of a program budget is that al l expenditures needed to provide that product or functions are grouped together. Zero based budgeting, on the other hand, maintains its decoct on the future aspects and accomplishment of the goals of the organisation. Zero-based budgeting ignores previous practice and insists that every budget fully proves its worth, not in respect of what happened in the past but solely in terms of current organisational objectives (Heery, 1999, p60). The line item budget that this library uses appraises its performance by outlining all the expenditures and resources, while comparing it to that of the previous year. Seer (2000, p188) says that a line item budget reflects input (what you are spending) not output (what your organization is getting for the money), resources not results. As Anamerican library uses line item budget to plan its various expenditures and evaluate the available support and resources, the budget also sheds light on several aspects of information services and roles it perfor ms. As indicated in the budget, the library provides various services such as referencing, circulation, and cataloguing to its users. The budget also shows various expenditures borne by the library towards employees salaries and benefits along with its information resources such as books, periodicals/serials, electronic reference materials, microforms etc. and other assets, which include computers for different uses. The referencing service of the library appears to be at the stronger side, with the library staff providing referencing and information services to the customers both on the practise of printed as well as online resources. These reference librarians also provide training and education to the users with regard to in effect(p) usage of all the materials available in the library. This is very important in when electronic resources constitute an uplifted part of information as well as the library sources. According to Gessesse (1997, p92), the fact that many library user s will not have direct access to equipment or the knowledge levels to use effectively the online environment, requires that librarians anticipate to be sophisticated translators of patrons needs. Interaction with users also allows reference

EL's Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ELs Analysis - Case Study ExampleThe changes included increasing the activities of the group and opening up store in refreshful markets much(prenominal) as Asia and increasing the exposure in europium (Richard Ivey train of Business, 2012).One main advantages of implementing the new strategies is the fact that the group increased its competitive advantage. Other luxury companies such as Hugo and Armani have in their strategies other activities such as accessorizing their clients. Additionally, these companies have worldwide store and dispersion channels. By implementing these strategies, Elie Saab ensured that their clients have a variety of services to choose from. Additionally, increasing their market and distribution stores to Asia and Europe increased their sales significantly (Richard Ivey School of Business, 2012). This was observable in the sales recorded in 2008 in which for the first time Asia recorded percentage sales in its products (Richard Ivey School of Business, 2 012).Elie Saab also benefits in the capital punishment of the new strategies by the fact that their contacted with other organizations before increasing its market exposure. This enabled the organization to share the risks that whitethorn be generated in the new markets. Additionally, contracting with other organizations ensures the group generates fresh ideas thus maintaining market relevance. The last to brand valuable products with the organizations logo was crucial in ensuring the brand retains its originality (Richard Ivey School of Business, 2012).Venturing in to new markets clear the company to numerous risks that may have long terms effects on the organization. Before implementing the new strategies, Elie Saab focused its attention small and limited stores in the Middle East, America and Europe. Additionally, Saab focused on creating spicy profiled clothing, Haute Couture. With the new suggestions, the organization seeks to increase its creation of ready to wear clothing which

American Revolution in 1775-1783 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

American Revolution in 1775-1783 - Term Paper ExampleThe young organization could hardly work effectively too, because the British had bottled up communication channels. The government also had divided institutions and nigh of the time, General George Washington was forced to make important decisions by himself. Economic chaos worsened the conditions of the war. Hyperinflation emerged ascribable to overprinting of money and rising debt. American money became almost worthless. America also had troubles in accessing loans and credit. The war, furthermore, stifled portion out and commerce. In addition, diplomatic challenges also occurred. America needed European allies against the British. It also needed loans to pay the war. In essence, America needed the diplomatic and financial support of France, Spain, and the Netherlands. From July to December 1776, the initial American strategy was to fight off the British at NYC, to hold Fort Washington, and to fight the British with their own tactics. The motives slowly this strategy were that NYC held propagandistic value for America and losing it could be a large morale blow to American forces protecting NYC also denied the British the access to Hudson River. The strategy was flawed, however, because America was not prepared to fight the European way. Fighting too close to the ocean worked against the Americans, because the British had superior navy strength. ... They also undercut the British forces using hazardous goose chases, which was effective in overextending the physical strength and resources of the latter. Eventually, the Americans won because of their guerilla and wild goose chase tactics. Their patience and will, as well as their home court advantage, ensured their victory against the British. In addition, France also sided with the U.S., and the Netherlands loaned money to support the U.S. The British was also exhausted, while the public opinion in the UK more and more opposed the war against Americ a. The Paris Peace Treaty was signed to end the war. It represented the various schedule of American, Britain, France, and Spain. Americans demanded independence and clearer rights and boundaries as a sovereign nation. Britain wanted to preserve Oregon and Ohio, and decided that America could be an ally that balanced the powers against Spain and France. Spain wanted no treaty with America and desired only to attain British land concessions. France wanted an independent, but weak, America and to ascertain peace with Britain. The states established The Articles of Confederation, which was the first constitution of the linked States. The first draft was made in 1777 by the similar Continental Congress that passed the Declaration of Independence. The Articles provided that the states continue their sovereignty, freedom and independence. The states did not set up executive and judicial branches of the government, and they chose a committee of delegates that were composed of representat ives from from each one state. These individuals made up the Congress, a national legislature that the Articles established. Summary of Paris Peace Treaty bottom Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay represented

Scanners and Xerox 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scanners and run come in 2 - Assignment Exampleestablishment, the organization, which is currently headquartered at Norwalk computed axial tomography after migrating from Stamford Connecticut, has overtime been termed by various stakeholders as the ideal document management confederacy. This was major because Xerox Corporation has been at the forefront in management of data worldwide. In the recent past, however, multiple business enterprise pressures from various sectors of the economy have threatened the dominance of Xerox Corporation. In this analyze, we are going to live on on some of the multiple business pressures that have been threatening the dominance of Xerox Corporation as well as the strategies that the multinational organization adopted to stay relevant within the market. In addition, the essay touches on the role of IT in creating the business pressures and how IT can be used to avert some of the challenges. bingle of the most noteworthy pressures that Xerox Co rporation has faced is the recent past is the fluctuation in equipment sales. In the past, most of the products and services that were introduced by the American-based multinational were widely accepted within the society. In fact, the revenue that the Corporation used to earn from the sale of equipment was considerably high. In the recent past, however, the Corporation has failed to move some of the innovations that prioritized, reservation the multinational lose its grasp of the market (Walker, 2003).Another business pressure that has been faced by the multinational is the fact that it has on several occasions focused on high-profit margin businesses instead of investments that have speedy turns of low-margins consequently, the organization has seen its earnings plunge considerably. Similarly, Xerox Corporation faced exodus of most of their innovative employees who were out in search of greener pastures.Various economic experts hold the belief that Xerox Corporation has been unde r significant business pressure because it has faced strong competition from other entrants

Critical analysis related to the care of critically ill patients Essay

Critical analysis tie in to the care of critically ill patients requiring high dependency care - Essay ExampleThe 3 canonic roles of a nurse are that of a practitioner, leader and researcher. As a practitioner, the nurse attends to all the medical needs of the patient and as a leader she takes decisions which relate to, influence and facilitate the actions of others with an aim to hit a particular goal. As a researcher, the nurse aims to implement studies to determine the actual effects of treat care and to work towards further improvement in nursing care (Nettina, 2006).The aim of this essay is to probe and criticize the management and care of a 55 year old patient Mr. X, diagnosed with myocardial infarction. The relate of the patient shall not be disclosed through out the essay for the purpose of confidentiality.Mr. X was brought to the misfortune on a Saturday afternoon by his wife with complaints of tightness in the chest, difficulty to breathe, and sweating for 10 minutes . There was no radiation of pain. The discomfort started suddenly while Mr. X was watching television. No physiologic activity triggered the symptoms. Mr. X did not experience similar complaints in the past. He was a known hypertensive and smoker. For his hypertension he was taking a combination of beta-blocker and ACE inhibitor. His previous health check-up 2 months agone showed normal sugars and mild hypercholesterolemia. ECG done at that time was normal and ECHO revealed mild odd ventricular hypertrophy.In the emergency room, Mr. X appeared pale and diaphoretic. He was sweating despite cold weather. neural impulse rate was 100 per minute, regular and not with good volume. Blood pressure was 160/100 mmHg. Perfusion was moderate. Saturations were 90%. Spot blood glucose was 120 mg per dl. Third heart sound was present and rales were heard over the basal regions of the lungs. Other systems examination was normal.ECG done in the casualty showed ST segment elevation abnormalities in the II, III and aVF leads. A diagnosis of inferior wall infarction was made. Diagnosing myocardial infarction is

Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

plenty - Essay ExampleThis was done because the illiteracy level of this area has been very high. This method will jock in collecting personal information even among the disadvantage group.Target age group socio-demographic pen Onkaparinga is located south of Adelaide CBD. It covers an area of 518km2 with a population of 153,496 (2004). 22% of the citys population is aged 15 eld or lower, hence the citys age structure can be classified as young when compared with Adelaide Statistics stratum (ASD). In addition, according to the data available, the city of Onkaparingas population aged 15-19 comprises 8 % of the citys total population, which, when numerically presented, is 11,500. diminutive demographic, economic, time use, labor force participation, asset ownership, and expenditure data will be collected use a simple questionnaire. As the illiteracy is higher Ongaparinga region responses are expected from direct questions and second-string level information. In the health sectio n, details about availability of nutritious foods, food habits of topical anesthetics, availability of aesculapian facilities, curative care and illness information with association with local organizations. The responses will be taken from selected local people, who have knowledge about the needs and thorough understanding on the community.

Analyse and evaluate the view that language affects cognition Essay

Analyse and evaluate the count on that phrase affects cognition - Essay ExampleChildren learn languages that are governed by highly subtle and rook principles, and they do so without explicit instructions or any other environmental clues to the nature of such(prenominal) principles (Pinker, 1995 135). Despite the complexity of language systems, every child successfully learns his/ her first language in a few years, without conscious effort or formal lessons. Hence, language acquisition is distinct from general news program it is based on inherent cognitive programming, and is unique to humans.One of the important aspects of cognitive science is language acquisition. According to Robinson-Riegler & Robinson-Riegler (2004, p.172), inhibitory processes serve a restraining function by preventing strong responses from taking control of effectors responsible for thought and action. This constraining measure ensures that other less likely responses are also considered hence unseasonabl e interpretations of text and language are avoided. These functions work together to ensure that education in the memory original pertains only to goal-relevant information.Language learnability is related to the cognitive processing that gives meaning to language. There is a distinction betwixt top-down and bottom-up processing. Top-down refers to starting with the complete picture and working down to the basic processes bottom-up means starting with the minute details and working towards understanding the whole process. Thus, the former is a interruption down process, and the latter is a building up process (Robinson-Riegler & Robinson-Riegler, 2004).In top-down processing of stimulus, association and memory function together to explain the details while information from the general context is utilize to help organize the stimulus. On the other hand, bottom-up processing of a stimulus is that in which information is from a physical stimulus, and not from a general context. T he bottom level of processing is

Review of the movie Missing Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Of the Missing - Movie Review ExampleAlternatively, the cinema also demonstrates the relationship between Hormans father Ed Horman (Lemmon) who is an American and Hormans wife (Spacek).At the beginning, Lemmon blames Charles for his radical political views that resulted in his disappearance. However, he later on changes his mind thinking that there is a possibility of the Government being to a great extent involved with the disappearance of Charles or possibly his death. There is also the possibility that Charles the young American would carry been on the informal hit list that involves unknown journalists taken away and probably killed. It is also claimed that the American embassy officials were aware of his fate and were even involved in approving Charles death.A drama film, which is set in Chile at a time when the dry land is experiencing civil war, the film generally concerns some of the actions in which the United States government takes to gain more popularity. Generally, Missing focuses mainly on power from its actual manner basis. Alternatively, Missing is a straightforward film that has an extensive deal that imparts on the United States behaviors in foreign countries especially in its operations. The theme in this case revolves around the United States on foreign land. Alternatively, the film demonstrates how the United States works in sustaining its operations in foreign nations and yet its own citizens decry the nations secret operations especially when the public are aware of these events. From the film drama, it is quite lucid that the United States operates like a two-edged sword whereby the United States citizens priorities tend to shift especially when matters blend personal. Ed Horman who is Charles father demonstrates this aspect.Edward and Mildred Lewis uses the characters in this film in such a way that they effectively start out some of the true events that once happened during the civil war year. The characters are

Marketing Plan on LIFESAVERS(CANDY) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing scheme on LIFESAVERS(CANDY) - Essay Examplemize the unique talents of its associates so that they can feel valued and remain associated to for each one other and to Wrigley by inculcating those values. The beau mondes strategy comprises of four-pronged approach-focusing on the workforce, work place and market place.The company is also committed to certain factors like to create consumer friendly sustainable packaging, reducing packaging weights by 10% from 2015 onwards. They are committed to use sustainable materials and partnering with sustainable suppliers, increasing recycled contents in theatrical role of packaging and designing the materials which will be effective from 2015 (Wrigley, n.d.).The company is now publicly traded in big board (New York Stock Exchange).The analysis of the company shows it is based on Michael Porters five forces model. The model is employ to find out the three important aspects of the industry, competition, profitability, and attractiven ess of the industry. Three forces, rivalry among existing firms, threats of new entrants and threats of flip products is used to analyze the competitiveness of the firm (Inman & Et. Al., 2007).Marketers divide the target market into various segments on the tush of homogeneous needs. The customers are segmented on the basis of broad similarity with regards to certain attributes such as smacks, preferences.Lifesavers candy is targeted for in all age group of people. Being a non-chocolate product it is free from melting in spicy summers. These candies are made from fruit carp. The new innovated product serves the purpose of its customers well in the hot summer which provides a boost to the summer sales of this candy. Keeping in mind about the customers taste and preferences the candy comes in different flavors and colors. Pep O Mint, Wint O Green, sweet and sour strings, Hawaiian fruits, hemangioma simplex apple, cherry lemonade, butter Rum, wild cherry are some of its varieties. The product is available in all sizes, from small to big packs. These are mainly a

Towards of Theory of Balanced Purges in Post-Conflict Reconstruction Essay

Towards of Theory of Balanced Purges in Post-Conflict reconstructive memory Efforts - Essay ExampleIn Iraq, by contrast, Paul Bremer engaged in a much to a greater extent systemic and pervasive program of purges. In addition, purges were in many ways based on social and political affiliations. The consequences of these two purges, at least in the short run, could not be to a greater extent different. japan stabilized quickly, pursued post-conflict reconstruction in an orderly manner, and exists today as an economic powerhouse. The outlook for Iraq is removed less hopeful. Stabilization has not only not occurred, but would seem to be impossible chthonic current conditions. The nature of the purges in each case, and the conditions related to the purges, go a long way towards explaining winner in Japan and failure in Iraq.This essay will assert that dim purges of government, administrative, and military structures, if penalise in accord with local conditions, can lead to stabiliza tion in the short-run and prepare the commonwealth for an effective and an enduring reconstruction effort. To this end, this essay will discuss the risks and the rewards of the deep purge philosophy. Then more specifically, this essay will present a comparative analysis of deep purge strategies in Japan, Iraq, and Italy.As a preliminary matter, there are a number of perceived rewards associated with the purging of officials and institutions in opposition combatant states. The first reward, and one which is perhaps more psychological than practical in the short term, is a sense of retribution and punishment. There is a need for ultimate accountability and the purging of top leading symbolizes victory. Both Saddam Hussein and Mussolini were paraded before the world as obstacles to peaceful reconstruction in their respective(prenominal) countries. The Emperor of Japan, for reasons to be discussed below, escaped the retribution and punishment reward. In his place, MacArthur chose Gene ral Tojo. An additional reward is the hazard to pursue a reconstruction model which is closely aligned with the governing philosophies of the victorious country or countries. From an administrative and a political point of view, in each of the three cases involved here, this involved the renewal of authoritarian regimes into democratically-oriented regimes. Human rights were emphasized, constitutions drafted and implemented, and administrative mechanisms established to grant access and influence to the victors. Finally, and significantly, there were economic rewards associated with deep purges. The old economic elite were pushed aside, stripped of their wealth, and reconstruction contracts allocated to business organizations of the victorious countries. In short, the perceived benefits of a deep purge were associated with the sweeping away of both real and perceived opposition to the pervasive post-conflict reconstruction of the defeated country in the image of the victorious coun tries.There are, however, grave risks associated with the deep purging of a countrys governing elite. Retribution for example, must be seen as balanced and just. MacArthur allowed Emperor Hirohito to preserve his dignity and thereby avoided potential uprisings against his administration of Japan. Paul Bremers treatment of Saddam Hussein, on the other hand, was much less delicate. The deposed Iraqi leader was reported to have been hiding in a dirty hole in his underclothes when captured. This public humiliation might certainly be

Theoires Of International Political Economy Essay

Theoires Of International Political Economy - try out ExampleThis essay discusses that Karl Marx, who was a staunch communist and opponent of capitalism, developed the Marxism theory. He highlighted that capitalism introduced a system governed by money. This aspect divided the society into two classes. Those who had money as well as a means of production qualified as the capitalists, which he referred to as the bourgeoisie and the laborers whom he called the proletariat. The laborers did not take away the capital and were hence unable to access a means of production. The purpose of the capitalists was to ensure that their systems registered the highest cyberspace but minimal costs. This means that they were only willing to pay little wages to the laborers. On the other hand, the laborers purposed to get the highest possible wage while doing the least work possible. Evidently, the needs for both classes were contrary to distributively other a factor that introduced class conflict s as Marx highlighted. As described above, different historians and economists described the cardinal economic theories. Their relevance in the modern day cannot receive any form of underestimation. Different historians have highlighted that Mercantilism is of significance because it highlights the specific roles that a strong state should play if it is to promote the economic stableness and the reinforcement of liberal rules across the globe. On the other hand, there is evidence that Marxism answers the increasing questions on why there is under development in third world countries.

Marketing Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

market Communications - Essay ExampleA marketer detect these goals while analysing hierarchies in which consumers comforts pound the desired psychosocial consequences of product usage, and the latter, in turn, influence product preferences. In general, researchers have yet to make a connection between the macro and micro approaches to consumer goals. Other approaches that highlight situational influences on consumer goals include the social, cultural, physical, and timely contexts of consumption (Ratneshwar et al 10).Different methods through which consumer behavior can be analysed be by studying consumer economic, passive, turned on(p) and cognitive behavior. An economic perspective according to Becker (1965) helps us to make the best usage of time as he suggests that time is as valuable as money. Consumer makes decisions while equating in his mind the value of time with the opportunity cost, the wage rate, and assumes that the value of time is a constant and is not influenced by either characteristic of the outcomes as long as the best alternative use of time is unaffected (Holbrook 30).stinting perspective serves as an indicator to analyse consumers with respect to several alternate solutions or products, among which they prefer to adopt one that economically suites them, while satisfying their area of interests. Beckers context-free approach supports the economic view down the stairs which a consumer makes decisions and terms it as prospect theory. According to this theory what matters to consumer to take a decision are the utilities and values that exist in the back of his mind? While these utilities acts as a function of gains and losings relative to a particular reference point, it is this point that indicates the extent and represent consumers buying power. To poll this method an experiment was conducted where consumers were given an option to save few minutes of travel time on a train by paying an additional $2 for a service. Prospect theory mentioned it as an opportunity

Compare Modern Martial Art Magazines with 1970s Editions Essay

Compare Modern warlike Art Magazines with 1970s Editions - Essay ExampleEither they have set up schools of varying origins and eastern teachers, or produced videos and books, as well as other commercial items such as garments, belts, certificates, among other gear associated with militant humanistic discipline.Nevertheless, in this age of free market economy, everybody may get to be what they want and claim to be, and as long as somebody is buying, then, they sell. This study, however, shall focus on warriorlike liberal liberal arts snips language persona between the reach and the 1970s with substantial inclusion regarding Bruce Lee and the pop culture.2. Modern militant arts magazines have evolved in word usage as military arts forms also evolved. Nevertheless, commonalities may complicate oriental person wrong of martial arts name of discipline or related school such as Bruce Lees early Wing Chun, Jeet Kune Do and Jun Fan Gung Fu, karate, jui jitsu, among others.This study will try to present evolving terms and usage of martial arts words with regards to publications of innovational martial arts magazines as compared to 1970s martial arts magazines, with particular focus on the questThis study is grave to establish or present the changes or similarities between 1970s and modern martial arts magazines. ... Changes are necessary and unavoidable.Aim of the contentThis study will try to present evolving terms and usage of martial arts words with regards to publications of modern martial arts magazines as compared to 1970s martial arts magazines, with particular focus on the followingOriental and western terminologies that are in use in modern and 1970s martial arts magazinesThe meaning and use of each martial arts terminologiesThe changes, contrast or comparison of martial arts magazines seen through 1970s edition and modern martial arts magazine issuesThe influences or factors behind the popularity of martial arts as a form of discipline and a s a popular media or magazine subject.The study or research will try to answer the following questions1. What are the constant oriental and western terminologies used in martial arts magazines present in 1970s edition as well as in modern martial arts magazines2. What are the meanings of these martial arts oriental and western terminologies3. What are the prevalent changes or contrasts that can be seen between 1970s and modern martial arts magazines4. What are the factors or influences that affect popularity as well as wide acceptance of martial arts as a discipline and (media) magazine interestRelevance of the StudyThis study is important to establish or present the changes or similarities between 1970s and modern martial arts magazines. In establishing the changes, factors, influences, as well as other related matters, such as Bruce Lees popularity shall also be presented and viewed to work martial arts understandable among those who practice or abhor, or perplexed by it.Methodol ogy vicarious analysis shall be applied in this study since there already exist two points or

Different Worlds in Family and Outside Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Different Worlds in Family and Outside - Essay typefaceI spent 11 years of my childhood in Iran and life offered me both its good and prominent sides. I was a well-be shake offd child but at times I was a puzzle for many nation including my teachers and fellow students in school. My parents from time to time taught me good habits especially honor for people regardless of ethnicity or race. They taught me the values of working hard and reaping where I sow and dedication to everything I caboodle myself to do. Throughout my life, I have had many friends basically because of my good public relations skills. I have since left Iran and currently living in the united States where life seems quite different and to be triple-crown one need to be much serious and focused. Technology, infrastructure, health services, and many other areas are more superior to those back in Iran. I was however non that badly off in respect to technology together with my brother and this has helped me to cope well with the new life. My brother and I have had many conflicts with our parents based on the decisions they make or we make concerning our lives. They are obviously from a different multiplication that does not understand the world has changed to a more liberal society. All the same, disrespect to ones parents is a taboo as dictated by our culture... I have no reason to deliver on to my cultural orientations in this new land as other immigrants seem to have amply integrated with the American way of life. I have a goal of ensuring that my life in the United States will translate to a good life for the rest of my family members wherever they are. Am thankful to my family for aerodynamic lift me to be the person I am today. They taught me how to speak, walk and above all, how to be a good kind being. I knowing how to cooperate with others while doing family duties and this made family life quite exciting. I also learned how to love and dedicate myself to family matters, communicate well and respect all especially older people. Our society does not allow women to contribute towards family bills as a sign of respect to them. I was taught to help those how are in need. I am also thankful to my American high school classmates who helped me to learn English since it was a new and difficult language for me. They made it interesting to learn about new culture and behaviors.

How to Fix Social Security Number Essay Example for Free

How to Fix companionable Security Number EssayThe cordial security numbers (SSN) are used to identify participants in the federal governments social security program, which uses public funds to provide retirement and disability benefits for those who those who are currently eligible, same benefits goes to the worker himself and his family. It is the Social Security Agency (SSA) that provides the social security number (www. standord. edu). The social security number is preposterous to every individual holder this is why the government and other agencies used it primarily for identification and administrative purposes. Thus, it can be used for several transactions in the bank, in school or in the company where you work. However, it can be very vulnerable for identity theft. When such instances occur, several steps should be undertaken. If someone k spic-and-span your number, he can acquire personal informations about you and used your rear either for work purposes or to get credit. File a complaint to the Federal Trade accusation through internet (www. consumer.gov/idtheft) or telephone (1-877-IDTHEFT 1-877-438-4338). You can also check your social security tilt to determine if there are errors in your earnings account. If someone uses your SSN for credit, contact the creditor who approved the credit accordingly file a police report. Call or e-mail fraud department of any of the following credit agencies Equifax, www. equifax. com Experian, www. experian. com and TransUnion, www. transunion. com, to help fix your credit records (www. ssa. gov).You can ask them to place a flag on your records that requires the creditors to contact you before approving credits under your name and number, indicate how long your account pass on be flag and request for a statement on your credit report, however be accepted to put your name and contact information for them to call you (www. pueblo. gsa. gov). Another option is to get a new SSN, however it is not guarant eed that it will solved the problem, and you can also contact the Security System for much of your inquiries (www. socialsecurity. gov).ReferencesBechtel International Center. 2006, April 18. Social Security Number. Retrieved April 18, 2008 from, http//www. stanford. edu/dept/icenter/new/orientation/SOCIAL_SECURITY_NUMBER. htm Social Security Online. 2007. Identity Theft And Your Social Security Number. Retrieved April 18, 2008 from, http//www. pueblo. gsa. gov/cic_text/money/idtheftssn/yourssn. html Social Security Online. 2008, January 14. When Someone Else Uses Your Social Security Number. Retrieved April 18, 2008 from, http//www. ssa. gov/oig/hotline/when. htm

Gorn Chapter Essay Example for Free

Gorn Chapter stressWhat powers awarded to congress in the shaping of 1787 would an Anti- Federalist be closely likely to oppose? Anti- Federalist were against the geological formation all in concert but most of all, I conceive of the Anti-Federalist were against the fact that the reconcile governments would no agelong hit as such(prenominal) power like it did with the Articles of Confederation. The organic law supported the caprice of a virile and strong central government. The congress had the power to tax lot, and have got rules and regulations as it says in document ii. With intimacy cosmos the Anti-Federalists biggest argument, the federalist got the idea that with all the power congress had, their freedom and rights would be threatened or even taken forward and thats what they feared most. 2. According to the opus of 1787, what are the eligibility prerequisites and selection processes for a) members of the household of Representatives Members of the House of Representatives are chosen every two years by the people and the number of representatives each assign fastens is proportional to the population.The members has to be twenty-five years of age or older, has been a citizen of the unify States for at least(prenominal) seven years and shall non be, when elected, an Inhabitant of the State in which he is representing. b) members of the Senate, and Each state has two senators serving a six year term. In the Constitution of 1787, the senate was appointed by the Legislature and mustiness have at least one vote. Members of the Senate must be 30 years of age, been a citizen of the U. S. for golf-club years, and should not be an Inhabitant of that State. ) the chairperson and vice chair? Both the President and Vice president serve in the same term of four years. The person running for president and vice president had to be a citizen of the United States for 14 years and naturally born in the U. S. and they had to be at least 35 ye ars of age. The president had to have a majority vote for a ascertain to be president if not the House of Representatives chose in other situations. 3. Critique the provisions contained in theConstitution of 1787 from the point of view of each of the following groups I think all together the hardly people who felt they would benefit from the Constitution was the smaller populated states and the African Americans. The smaller States would gain more of a say then being overlooked by the larger States, although in the Constitution they would only have a few representatives for their state, it still was a beloved outcome because they would at least have somewhat sort of say and opinion in what laws were passed due to the power of their representatives votes.The Constitutions main goal was to make sure all states were equal and with that being said, it led up to the African Americans being free and gave a sense of something they had never felt, which was equality. The Anglos and Nati ve Americans had to have a sense of anger because not only did they feel like their territory was being taken away, they also now had to have treaties with America if they were beyond the boundaries of the States, in order to trade or do whatever business with the U. S.The larger states were probably not as approving of the Constitution because with the greater amount of population in their states, their governments got to do whatever and all the people had to follow their rules they set for themselves. In the Constitution, Congress is given the power over the whole Country, if a state wanted to make something a law or tax people, they had to get the approval of congress. 4. In which of the six objectives designated in the preamble has the Constitution of 1787 lived up to its promises? In what areas has it not fully achieved its goals?The Constitution was truly meant to be looked upon as a good thing, it was not suppose to cause any harm or uneasiness in the States. I think out of the preamble, the Constitution did eventually achieve success in all six objectives but the biggest issure that most Anti-Federalist had was the constitution not establishing justice or secure the blessings of liberty. If you really think about how the Constitution was do, it was illegal. The writers were only allowed to fix the Articles of Confederation, not make a whole new Government.I think thats why Anti-Federalist were not convinced about the Constitution because it was done out of secrecy and the writers did not allow for the Anti-Federalist to make a common ground and make the Constitution mutual on both sides, that alone do it seem like the writers were just trying to take over America and make rules that seemed to take away the rights that were important to them. In the Constitution at that place were specific laws for peoples safety, different forces were to be create in case of any attack or just to promote general welfare.Although, the army had not been figured out yet on how each states army would form together, the idea of the forces coming together for safety was in tact. 5. If you were a delegate to a state ratifying convention, would you have voted for or against the Constitution of 1787? Explain the reasons for your vote. If I was a delegate to a state ratifying convention, I would have voted for the constitution of 1787. The United States were at the point of time were reformation was needed.Although many people at the time were against the Constitution, I think overall it put the United States in a more successful path compared to the problems they were already facing as a nation. At the time prior to the Constitution, States had set there own laws that were to be abided by which made the outlook on the country as a whole, unorganized. The United States needed a more stable government, with the Articles of Confederation, it was basically like there was no government or any uniformed army in place in case of any attacks from other count ries.The Constitution made the United States come together in the long run and a good authority with a fair amount of power was needed in order to get America straightened out. 6. Did the writers of the Constitution of 1787 desire to create a democracy or aristocracy? According to what I read, I think the Constriction of 1787 was desired to be a aristocracy government. It was not until the Bill of Rights came into Constitution that made the United States a democracy.The constriction was first made with no checks and balance system which made the strong central government, have more power than it has today. The government in the Constitution had the power to do many things that the Anti-Federalist felt shouldnt have the right to have. Many of the people living in the states felt their unalienable rights were being taken away slowly so many Anti-Federalist fixed to push and continue to get the Bill of Rights passed so the government wouldnt gain too much power, that everyone felt the y wanted.

Newspaper article Essay Example for Free

publisher article EssayThe Pirates put out an atrocious playoff succession, this year having been the first year in the playoffs since 1992, hardly on October 9, 2013 they lost to the St. Louis Cardinals destruction their amazing playoff season. In their last playoff game in St. Louis the Pirates lost 6-1 to the Cardinals, ending the season. In the gage physical body the Cardinals scored two runs taking the raceway over the pirates. there was no more(prenominal) scoring until the sixth inning when the Cardinals scored yet another run, now having a three point lead over the Pirates. In the next inning the Pirates scored their first run. And sadly, the Cardinals scored three more runs in the eighth inning ending the game at a score of 6-1. The Pirates played the best theyve played since 1992, which wasnt enough this time. There was some amazing plays in the game, but I believe an incredible one was in the one-fourth inning when Starling Marte covered about twenty feet to catch a fly ball and get the second out with his incredible dive catch.An articles read about their season said that they played everything right, it was a amazing season but it wasnt enough this year, they needed a little more. This year the Pirates most valuable pretender player is Andrew McCutchen, he put up an OPS+ of 158, and swiped 27 bags this season. The teams LVP was Barmes, who plays shortstop, he hit a measly . 211/. 249/. 309, which is considered quite weak.The Pirates gameplan for next season is to keep the team mostly intact, and to hopefully make it farther into the playoffs next season. According to Christian Hartman The teams MVP should definitely be McCutchen, he hits well, plays amazing center field, and hes just overall great. He is everything a player should be. The Pirates put out an amazing playoff season, this year being their first playoff season since 1992.

We Cannot Live in It Can We Live Without It Essay Example for Free

We Can non live in It Can We Live Without It EssayWater is very important to us. Period. We will die without it, but unfortunately we also nominate buoy not live with too more than piss. Our bodies are not designed to handle too much pissing. Our infrastructures also can not withhold massive amounts of water. Therefore we hope things like tsunamis, or hurricanes or typhoon or heavy setbackf each or blizzard would not occur in an extreme manner.We both know our resources are depleting and I am going to encourage you to find ways to safe water. We concord too much water this year, thats true. At the moment, despite of too umteen chaotic problems happening in the Arabian countries, other countries are trying to stay alive fighting with the environment. Australia has so much water, altogetheruvial deposit upon floors. Brazil as well, also flood. Many parts of Europe are having so much snow this winter, and even in US, many states are just struggling to keep their home p remises snow-free.So why should we start to save water? and How?Good old days.In the good old days, quite a teeny collect rain water. I remember my grandmothers garden had 3 wide vase like the picture on the right at the corner of the house where the pipes would hang out from the roof. When it rains the rainwater would flow down to these huge vase.Save money my grandmother replied whenever I ask her why she had those three huge vases in the garden. I dont have to use clean water to water plant. They dont need drinking water, rainwater is the best for them. actually natural, good for me and for them.When she washed the rice, she would not just throw away the rice water, she would pour it over her plants. Or when she washed fish or shrimps. she would do the same. Very nutritious for them. She would tell me.The good old days, flock then would look at the resources around them and then think about how the resources can benefit benevolent beings and nature. Now, what happen betwee n good old days and now?Water is an increasingly and precious subject field of discussion worldwide. The irrational use and pollution from major sources (rivers and lakes) can cause a omit of newfangled water very soon, if no action is taken. Soon there will be a lack of water for irrigation in many countries, especially in poor countries. The continent hardest hit by water shortages are Central Asia, Africa and the Middle East. The need for fresh water increased about two generation more than the world population. This was caused by high consumption of water for industrial and agricultural areas. Unfortunately, only 2.5% of Earths water is fresh water.The main causes of deterioration of rivers, lakes and oceans are pollution and contamination by pollutants and sewage. Humans have caused all this damage to nature, through the waste, sewage, industrial waste and mining without control. Aquifers (large underground reserves of fresh water) have already been explored. In South Ameri ca, we have one of the largest aquifers in the world. Much of the water of this aquifer is located in the Brazilian underground. Studies of the World Water Commission and other international agencies show that billions of people on our planet are living without the bare minimum of health conditions. Millions of persons have no access to drinking water. Given these stark problems, several diseases such as dissolution, hepatitis and many others are spread. HaitiAccording to the Center for Infectious Disease harbour (CDC), based in Atlanta, United States, approximately 1.3 million Haitians are still living in mitigation camps after the January earthquake, hindering access to drinking water, health conditions and health care. The first cases of the disease, transmitted through begrime water or food, were recorded at the river Arbonite, in the north. Cases of cholera have been identified in all ten regions of Haiti. About 1,100 people have died from the disease last month. In total at to the lowest degree 17 000 cases of the disease have been recorded. It is necessary that the public be informed that the disease is treatable. Cholera causes diarrhea and vomiting, leading to acute dehydration. The disease can kill quickly, but is easily treated with antibiotics and hydration. Simple measures can help us avoid the water-borne diseasesBathe dailyUsing the toiletWash hands well before and after using the toiletWash hands thoroughly before eat tidy fingernails and keep them cleanOnly drink water that has been filtered and / or boiledWash fruits and vegetables before eating themIt is estimated that 76% of Haitians live on less than $ 3 per day and 50% have less than $ 1 a day. A bar of soap costs in normal times, $ 0.50 in most markets and Haitians, for many families, washing hands turned a potentially fatal dilemma between using the little money to buy soap or buy food.The head of the NGO Doctors without Borders in Haiti, the Italian Stefano Zannini, in a tone o f relief and frustration in an interview last Wednesday, said that the workload is stressful. It is not easy to work with the smell, the noise and pressure of so many patients. He said they are work 24 hours a day and they are overloaded. Zannini also says none of the measures to contain the epidemic is meant to doctors. They depend on washing hands have clean water and be provided by suitable target to corpses and human feces.

A Strategy is Born Essay Example for Free

A strategy is Born EssayThe events that were described in this case study sounds to me as if they started off with the planning role model of keen-witted Planning. I say this due to the fact that all the right parties were alerted to what needed to be through with goals being verbalise and set to be put into place for starters. This did help with the main concerns being priorities and unplowed to along with formations being followed with effective organized tactics. They were put into place after the goals were set and make. As I read this case study and from my understandings this war was being analyzed and evaluated by senior officers in working capital who all had different ways and structures they thought would work best for meeting the goals that had been set into place. This was one of the Rational models of continuing opinions with the planning process in order to see what all has currently worked with what was set to be done and what was not working and needed to be t aken out and improved. But with that being said this is where I could see were the Rational Planning model some what worked and where the weakness of the plan begin to turn off its role.The thorough communications about the goals that worked and were not working were not being met let alone everyone was on different varlets with alternative actions that needed to be done. There were no set connections information being made of all the shared resources at all. First Heading The heading above would be used if you essential to have your theme divided into sections based on content. This is the first level of heading, and it is centered and bolded with each intelligence activity of four letters or more capitalized. The heading should be a short descriptor of the section. find that not all document will have headings or subheads in them. First Subheading The subheading above would be used if there are several sections within the topic labeled in a heading. The subheading is flush left and bolded, with each word of four letters or more capitalized. Second Subheading APA dictates that you should avoid having only one subsection heading and subsection within a section. In other words, use at least two subheadings under a main heading, or do not use any at all. When you are ready to write, and after having read these book of instructions completely, you can delete these directions and start typing.The data format should stay the same. However, one item that you will have to smorgasbord is the page header, which is placed at the top of each page along with the page number. The words include in the page header should be reflective of the title of your paper, so that if the pages are intermixed with other papers they will be identifiable. When using Word 2003, double click on the words in the page header. This should enable you to edit the words. You should not have to edit the page numbers. In addition to spacing, APA style includes a special way of citing re source articles.See the APA manual for specifics regarding in-text citations. The APA manual also discusses the desired tone of writing, grammar, punctuation, formatting for numbers, and a variety of other important topics. Although the APA style rules are used in this scout, the purpose of the template is only to demonstrate spacing and the general parts of the paper. The student will need to refer to the APA manual for other format directions. GCU has prepared an APA Style Guide available in the Student Writing optic for additional help in correctly formatting according to APA style.The reference listen should appear at the end of a paper (see the next page). It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and get hold any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. A sample reference page is included below this page includes e xamples of how to format different reference types (e. g. , books, journal articles, information from a website). The examples on the following page include examples taken directly from the APA manual.

Of mice and men Essay Example for Free

Of mice and men seeCrooks is an educated black cripple who tends horses on the ranch. He has been prey of oppressive violence and prejudice and has retired foot an exterior of detachment and reserve, his natural personality deadened and suppressed by years of hostility. He has cognize better eons and, unlike most s step uphern blacks at that time, was brought up on a grim holding run by his father. This is the type of home longed for by Lennie, George and Candy and, despite his initial cynicism, Crooks as well as becomes caught up in their dream of escape. Crooks automatic rejection of friendship or companionship has more to do with the scud of his loneliness than with anything else. Once encouraged to do so, he reveals that he has an intelligent awareness of life. He has ruling hard during his long hours of solitude. His new engraft confidence and self-respect encourage him to try to counter the usurpation of Curleys wife, still he is humiliated by her vicious threats . His new optimism is finally defeated by Georges uninterested attitude to the suggestion that he might participate in the running of the Dream Farm.Crooks loses erupt on a potentiometer of things because he is not part of the white community. He loses out mainly on friendship, which causes Crooks to feel isolate and lonely throughout the novel. Crooks is a very lonely man and so he reads a lot, if he was to mix with the white community he would be out enjoying himself. He has no one to talk to and is segregated from the rest of the ranch community having his own room in the barn. I count if Crooks were to have a choice he would enjoy mixing with the white men but at the first sign of trouble he would return to the protectiveness of how own room in the barn.Crooks loses out mainly on respect from the ranch community because he is willing to do anything in which he is told to do. He still find outs no praise or respect form the ranch community. I think Crooks has drawn himself i nto a false sense of security, he has hidden himself form the rest of the world, afraid to study his true personality. Crooks Im sure is a kind and generous person but because of the years of torment and requisition he is forced to remain hospitable to the white community.Crooks is a smart and educated person who is not able to show his thoughts and emotions to anyone. He does not complain about the insults and racial remarks which Curleys wife makes because he knows if he does his new found confidence will be shattered with an extreme racial remark. Crooks although he loses out greatly also gains a lot from being segregated from the rest. He keeps himself to himself giving him plenty of time to think things through. I think Crooks imagines that if he were to mix with the white community he would only receive abuse.An example of this was when Crooks got into a fight when he was allowed into the ranch at Christmas. This is also why Crooks gains a lot form not being apart of the whi te community ie not being thither for them to abuse or to make racial remarks towards. Nicholas Toland 1 Show lagger only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Hound of the Baskerville Essay Example for Free

leaper of the Baskerville testifyIn this gothic refreshful, logical system and supernatural collide a lot of times over the bleed of the story. Logic is something that can be explained using facts and also by finding the cause and effects to originate something. Mean while on the other hand Supernatural is something beyond human powers. In the chase after of the Baskervilles logic is used when private detective Holmes it trying to explain something. The longer one stays here the more(prenominal) does the spirit sink into ones soul, its vastness and also its grim charm. The moor is isolated and is seen as gothic because of its location. It is pay back in a deserted place which at night looks as If with no sign of life, just during the day it is not. The deserted houses also help to create tension as well as the vagary of a detent loose on the moors. Baskerville Hall is a big mansion located in an isolated area surrounded with land and individual passages. This helps to create suspense because the characters as well as the audience are taken into a dark, mysterious and unknown place.The story of the novel is that there is a convict on the loose, who is controlling a vicious draw. Sir Charles Baskerville is the for the first time victim of the hound. He dies a skepticism death. So Doctor Barrymoore calls Sherlock Holmes, a police detective, who uses only logic to explain things. The Hound is ready and killed and Stapleton is found and arrested. Dr Mortimer has to use logic in his works, but believes in the hound. Sherlock Holmes Uses logic to explain things.Sherlock Holmes often comes with conclusions through past experiences. Throughout the novel supernatural and logic collide. This is because at the time the novel was written society believed in the humor of supernatural and because there is a black hound in the novel people view it as being viscous because if something is black then it is perceived as evil, dangerous and harmful. Althoug h dogs have a good and faithful relationship with humans, the idea of a black hound would be perceived as evil and viscous.Sherlock Holmes always dismisses the supernatural and keeps looking for scientific facts until he can explain what has happened. For example Sherlock Holmes uses facts and logic to explain the death of Sir Charles Baskervilles until at the end of the novel when the hound is killed that Sherlock Holmes explains the supernatural. Dr Watson, who is quite limpid, is more convinced of a supernatural element. Holmes is more convinced of the logical element. Literary traditions of this novel are of the same as other gothic novels.Novels like Emily Bronthe, Wuthering Heights and Du Maurier Jamaican Inn are also gothic. They have similar settings as to The Hound of the Baskervilles. They all have moors, which are isolated and located in a place with no sign of life with land surrounding. either have wild threats posed to the moors. Sherlock Holmes conducts everything t hrough logic. For example when a cane is left by a visitor, Holmes uses logic to come up with what the most likely thing the cane would be associated with.Sir Arthur Connan-Doyle wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles in the way he did because in the Victorian Era people used to believe in the idea of supernatural. Sir Arthur Connan-Doyle wanted to show the audience that the idea of supernatural could b e explained using logic and facts. He also wrote it the way in which he did because every month chapters of the novel were published in The Strand magazine. So therefore that built up suspense for the, who would then go out and subvert the next edition.Watson believes more in the supernatural element because Sir Arthur Connan-Doyle wanted to have a character, who at first tries to explain through logic, but later starts to believe in the supernatural as well as what the Baskervilles say to him. For example when Sherlock Holmes is in the caves to induct his own investigation that there is no hound and that Stapleton is the villain, while giving Watson no indication what he is doing. Stapleton is the son of Roger Baskerville.He is an ex-convict having previously done quaternary large bank robberies. He is the husband of Mrs. Stapleton (real name Mrs. Lyons). Both the themes of logic and supernatural are all-important(a) as the story is mainly based on the idea of supernatural, which later would be explained by logic and facts. The novel is not relevant to todays readers as many do not believe in the idea of supernatural as there is no proof of supernatural existing. Whereas if something is explained by logic there is induction to back it up.

The Butchers Shop and Eating Out Comparative Essay Essay Example for Free

The Butchers cheat and Eating erupt Comparative shew EssayThe poems I am going to explore atomic number 18 The Butchers Shop and Eating stunned. The two poems are loosely based around the idea of food. The Butchers shop focuses on the cruel process of killing animals to prepare food on our plates and Eating out fronts at how the narrators relationship with food is affected when going out for a meal with family. In The Butchers Shop its says your cold and soggy paper parcel bleeds The situation that the parcel is bleeding suggests that the narrator believes all meat eaters to be murderers. This is only further emphasised by use of cold and soggy like the cold, damp flesh of the animal who was brutally massacred just so you could have something to eat. In addition to murderous accusations, the use of direct speech you connects informally with the reader and makes it much(prenominal) personal as if by being familiar with the reader it will help them understand the narrator s diseased views on food, specifically meat. This use of direct speech is also used in Eating reveal.I never accustomed myself to this humble Ill have whatever your having, dear. and just like The Butchers Shop its used to show the attitude the narrator has toward food and dining and its also move to get readers to empathise with their views by being familiar with them. Another similarity between the poems is in rancid representation of food. Whilst The Butchers Shop false image of playing farms is quite transparent to anyone who has r separatelyed adulthood and can look past the cute illustrations to the gruesome blood stained butchers apron.However, in Eating Out is a more elaborate charade of false representation. You dont see the preparation of food in a restaurant only the artfully arranged end result which is bound to look extremely appetising. object the pressure of controlling parents and expectations of perfect behaviour make the food indigestible and an outing not to look forward to. Overall, both poems have a negative attitude toward food which I believe stems from the depicted object of oppression.The butcher and the parents share the same role as cruel, controlling keepers both pigs and the narrator of Eating Out suffered cruelty at the hands of their keepers which in turn, affected the relativity to food and what attitude is associated with it in each poem. For example, by describing how much the pigs suffered and the evil characteristics of the butcher (smiles a meaty smile, white apron stained with who knows what) it provokes sensation from the audience and persuades them into realising animal cruelty is wrong and therefore, whenever you buy meat you could have just killed a defenseless animal.

International Financial Reporting Standards Essay Example for Free

International Financial Reporting Standards EssayOrganizations around the orbit are continuously phonograph recording data and reporting pecuniary information to the used for many dissolves by the respective users. A tremendous amount of financial transactions continuously stir in the giving medications, several(prenominal) transactions occur each second or minute whereas just about transactions are actu totallyy unique and relieve oneself place occasionally as a import of a specific event. That is why to bring things in conformity and consistency, it is important that organizations establish standards and procedures for recording their data.In doing so present results pass on be in a incline to be compared with historical data and with entities in similar industry. Listed companies involve to particularly follow standard formats and disclose their financial information in such a authority that it is easily understood by the users of the financial statements. This is because consistency flows through not just one organization only when the entire industry making outcomes easier to contrast. These objectives are being addressed by standard move boards such as IAASB by setting International Accounting Standards (IAS) and International Financial Reporting standards (IFRS). twain IFRS and IAS are equal in terms of their cheer and standing. (Tatum Malcum) All transactions need to be put down as suggested above. One of the aspects that are a part of recording is financial instruments created by a wakeless document and having different monetary determine. They can be classified as property or differential gear instruments. Cash type of financial instruments is widely used and can be most easily understood. silver in itself is a cash instrument or a bank cheque is a impregnable example which can be used to transfer money from one bank account to another. except derivative instruments include those tools such as futures an instrument saying that the seller will sell the plus or buyer will buy it at a future date. Price of such transactions is determined at the time of entering into a future conduct. There are other instruments as well such as options and swaps whereas sometimes stocks, bonds and currency forwards are likewise termed as financial instruments. (Tatum Malcum) Due to the wide range of financial instruments being used, IAS 39 was introduced by International Accounting Standards delegacy (IASC) in 2001 to regulate the process of recognition and measurement of such transactions.The organizations dealing with them were facing problems with respect to sermon as different approaches were being applied by entities. This led to inconsistency of disclosing and recording of appropriate amounts at bottom the industry as they were no standard process for recording the financial instruments. This directed the results of entities within the identical industry to be incomparable with one another. Many of transacti ons involving financial instruments remained unrecognized as no proper recognition and measurement processes were known to the accountants.Hence CFO and CEO were in a position to distort the actual results and lead shareholders astray. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) In response to that IAS 39 introduced a concept of fair value accounting. The standard increased the importance of the fair value accounting for the financial instruments and therefrom required entities to record additions and liabilities on the face of the balance sheet and discloses the nature of derivatives in the financial statements.In case of hybrids, the organize had to be broken down into two components (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur). This is because hybrid instruments have a mixture of characteristics of both debt and uprightness thereby market hurt of the hybrid instrument is sensitive to both the interest rates and quoted price for the stock (Riskglossory. com). The two components of the hybrid c ontract are real contracts however derivative is separated from the contract to be measured at fair value. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur)IAS 39 in any case introduced hedge accounting for all derivatives in order to minimize the volatile affects on the income statement. Further segregation in the standard came into place as the intention of hedgerow was used to establish which accounting rules will be applied. As a result a fair value hedge, net investment hedge in foreign currency and cash flow hedge accounting rules was launched. In fair value hedging the risks are connected to the wavering of fair value of an underlying asset or liability.Whereas cash flow hedges are those in which the word-painting is connected to the future cash flows of assets or liabilities recognized or any future commitment or forecasted cash flow of the organization. Moreover, the net investment hedge in foreign currency is hedging the risks of an entitys net asset which is not an associate, joint venture or a subsidiary. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) Implication of this IAS affected all the users of financial statements and also the people who were trying to comply with the standard.The development of this standard and its implementation had significant jolt on the strategies in dealing with financial risks. As the financial instruments have volatile affects on the paleness portfolio and income statements these affects were then being countered by engaging in hedging strategies and transparent accounting policies. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) IAS 39 also provides organizations with the recognition criteria on how to record hedging instruments when entering into a transaction.After that at each blockage end gain and loss is recognized on an ongoing basis. So it has a forward aspect stance at initiation but a backward bearing when re-assessment of investments durability is carried out. The organizations needed to asses which process of reassessment would be r ight for their investment portfolio. A proper system was therefore required to record and reassess not only cash flows and fair values but also take into account the premiums and discounts involved.Moreover, IAS required the divine revelation of all the investments and subsequent gains or loss arising collect to it. (Miolo Alessandro, Andersen Arthur) The stolon revision of the IAS 39 took place in 2004 which incorporated Macro hedging, involving interest rates risks hedge. This amendment was made due to the increase use of these instruments and such investments were not addressed by IAS 39. Macro hedge is an investment proficiency to reduce or minimize the risks associated with the whole portfolio of investments (Peter Williams).This investments technique was widely spread because of the ease of information getable about the interest rate and currency fluctuations between different countries. The macro managers earned by hedging the risks in different market by buying long and s hort in different markets of the globe. That change magnitude trend required the correct measurement and recognition of such investment which could only be coupled with financial instruments dealt in IAS 39. (Hubpages, Inc. ) Further amendment took place on the issue of initial recognition of financial asset or liabilities and the subsequent charging of gain or loss.Initially all of such instruments were allowed to be measured on fair value if measured reliably. In 2005 the option to value instruments at fair value had been restrict to only those investments which had significantly reduced due to accounting mismatch along with those financial instruments whose fair values were regularly managed evaluated for its correctness. In addition IAS 39 stated before October 2008 that once an instrument is classified on the basis of fair value i. e through profit and loss category, it cannot be reclassified.Amendment in 2008 allowed some of the instruments to be reclassified from fair valu e and available for sale category under certain conditions and a disclosure is required in case of such a reclassification. Moreover it was stated that all the derivatives need to be reassessed in case of any reclassification an issue that was developed due to the global credit crunch, significantly affect the financial market. (Delloitte Touche Tohmatsu) With all the problems and issues dealing with financial instruments IASB and FASB started working together on IFRS 9 to replace IAS 39.Its purpose is to reduce difficulty in accounting for financial instruments and hedging activities. This development took place in microscope stages. stagecoach one tends to improve and simplify the measurement and classification of the financial instruments. Though this phase has been completed but the exposure draft has been under plan to be issued and the implementation is to be completed in the occurrent year. (International Accounting standard board) This new standard has raising concerns i n the world in corporate sectors on how this will be implemented and how it will affect their operations.Many are happy for the change to take place as the IAS 39 is thought to be a difficult standard to implement. The replacement is a result of the worlds economic crises after which all the investors and the regulators of financial institutions were demanding for an accounting system which showed the types of assets and liabilities held at a given time, the risks that they are exposed to and gain and losses expect to be realized. (IFRS 9 Deconstructing IAS 39) In 2008 when Lehman Brothers share price collapsed, the investors in turn rushed to purchase the share prices in anticipation of prices springy back.However they couldnt see the situation of the banks exposure in financial instruments cogitate to subprime loans as less information was disclosed for their understanding. Hence it was later suggested that accounting needs to be clearer which became obvious upon the fall of m any banks. IFRS 9 strived to cater and answer all these major issues in hand spell giving organizations an option to adopt this standard before it becomes mandatory in 2013. Only the first phase of the standard is completed and all the stakeholders are waiting to implement it upon finalization of IFRS 9 completion. IFRS 9 Deconstructing IAS 39) IFRS 9 looks to tackle all the current problems and questions probed by various investors but it cannot give a guarantee to oppose any crises in future. It is important that accountants, regulator and the investors remain vigilant because no matter how much IFRS 9 helps to simplify the accounting of financial reporting, when this economy starts its recovery phase no one can tolerate the development of new financial instruments eluding the situation like before.European Union refused to adopt IFRS 9 last year posing some questions relating to fair value of investments coverage. On the other hand lacquer signed it for an early adoption in March 2010 which is a significant step toward promoting transparency in policies and implementation (IFRS 9 Deconstructing IAS 39). Hence it can be clearly seen that IASB and FASB have been working for the betterment of the familiarity by incorporating the external changes in the market which can be reflected upon the replacement of IAS 39 with IFRS 9.

Power Of Words Essay Example for Free

Power Of speech communication EssayWords atomic number 18 more tr each(prenominal)erous and powerful than we think. Evaluate the extent to which the characteristics Sartre claims for delivery scratch negatively and positively divergent areas of knowledge.To what extent does the existence of distinct languages and the need for their transformation create problems for the skill of knowledge?According to Sartre, words carry more power than we think and have the ability to betray their proper lowlyings. Words, or in a broader sense, language, is far more powerful than we give it credit for and is indefinite in its nature to either be powerful in a good mien or treacherous. When language is translated properly and knowledge is acquired successfully, language is powerful. However, when at that place are problems with translation and the real meaning of the words becomes garbled, language becomes treacherous. Now that we are aware of this fact about language, we need to make a mensural decision on the degree of negative effect translation has on the acquisition of knowledge. There are con school textual losses, untranslatable words, and idioms. When we examine the losses as a result of translation, the extent to which the existence of different languages and the need for their translation creates problems for the acquisition of knowledge is great.As the Italians say, Traduttore traditore, the translation is a traitor (Van de Lagemaat 63). First of all, each of us has a special relationship to our own native language and this relationship makes us attach that it fits reality like a glove. However, when we learn a second language, one of the things we discover is that different languages divide the world up in different ways (Van de Lagemaat 61). When translating words from one language to other, you bequeath not get a workable translation exclusively gobbledygook (Van de Lagemaat 61). This is when translation creates problems for the acquisitio n of knowledge. When something is being translated, there are three basic rules that must be followed the translation must remain faithful to the original text, be comprehensible, and when retranslated back into its original language, the translation should be approximate to the original. Many times, the translations of texts from one language to another defy these three commonly agreed criteria, particularly the faithfulness of a translation.For example, when translating the idiom the spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak it comes back in German as the vodka is agreeable, but the meat is inferior (Van de Lagemaat 62). done translation, this idiom lost its true meaning. An example of a mistranslation is when Pepsi Cola ran an advertising campaign in Taiwan, the guide word Come Alive with Pepsi was translated into Chinese and when translated back into face, it read Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the dead (Van de Lagemaat 63). Unsurprisingly, because of the ill communica ted meaning, the campaign was a failure. There is also inaccurate translation in literature such as the mistranslation of Albert Camus widely far-famed novels title The Stranger, or Letranger. In French, Letranger does not simply mean stranger but has a much deeper and intricate meaning that caters to the novels explicit message. yet evidence that not everything is translated adequately is found in the translations of the Quran, the central religious text of Islam. Because the Quran stresses its Arabic nature, Muslim scholars believe that any translation potentiometernot be more than an approximate interpretation, intended only as a tool for the study and understanding of the original Arabic text (Mohammed 58). Since not only the text must be translated, but the meaning and symbolism, it is believed that many things are lost in the Arabic to English interpretation. Whether or not the renderings of the Quran into English or other languages are accurate enough of not is a heavily de bated subject for scholars. I faeces understand how this happens being a speaker of Arabic myself. There are certain Arabic words I say in my day-today life that cannot be appropriately translated in English without their actual meanings being lost.The Arabic expressions like yislamleh teezik that make little to no sense when directly translated into English. In Arabic, this commonly used expression is supposed to be an affectionate way of saying thank you or may you always stay in my life. The English translation would be may God bless your butt, and the charming meaning it has in Arabic is alone lost to translation. Although translation causes problems for the acquisition of knowledge to a great extent, it does not always do this. When something can be translated and the meaning is transferred from one language to another without any harm coming to it, knowledge is powerful.In the realms of mathematics and sciences, mathematical and scientific concepts can be translated accurate ly from one language to another distant in literature. An example of this can be found in my math studies classroom with Ms. Halabi. She told us a humorous anecdote about how she learnt math in Arabic and how that would have been so unusual for us to experience. Math is a universal language and is not harmed when translated from one language to another.In conclusion, the translation of knowledge between different languages can be both powerful and treacherous in nature. It is powerful when there is no loss of meaning between translations but can be treacherous when it disrupts the acquisition of knowledge. This is a bad thing because as knowers, we dont get to access certain knowledge because it cant be translated properly.

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Linux Computer Science Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of exploitation Linux Computer Science EssayEasy to determination,Virus free,With boot camp you tramp run XP or Vista on your machine, and with Par exclusivelyels you dirty dog run windows programs in OS XP.Performance plot of land there is some debate about which operate system work outs better, in our experience both perform comparably in low-stress conditions however UNIX servers under high load (which is what is important) are superior to Windows.PriceServers hosting your nett site require operating systems and licenses just like everyone else. Windows 2003 and other related applications like SQL Server severally cost a significant list of money on the other hand, Linux is a free operating system to download, install and operate. Windows hosting results in being a more expensive platform.Less vir using upsWindows currently has oer a hundred thousand known viruses, while Linux has less than a hundred. Linux as well uses smart say-so mana gement , so it requires you to authorise any action that may potentially harm your computer by entering your password. That federal agency you are less likely to be tricked into installing malware and running virus programs, faultlessly because it wont let you.No crashesWindows users will be familiar with the infamous blue screen of remnant that greets them whenever the system crashes. In contrast, Linux users have reported uptimes exceeding over a year, which means that their computers have been perpetually running over a year without a single crash or reboot.Free computer computer software programLinux users can download free software from huge repositories containing thousands of free programs and applications, from games to music players to office productivity tools. some of them serve as free alternatives to commercial software, the most popular ones being OpenOffice and Mozilla Firefox, which replace Microsoft Office and profits Explorer respectively.DisadvantageEasi ly gets virus and or spyware.Does not come with many useful software alrdy installed.Easlity disrupted by other programs.InterfaceThe traditional interface for the Unix operating system is command stemma of descent based, and this command line shell interface may be hostile to the casual user. Unix was developed for use by programmers and serious computer users rather than casual users. A graphical user interface (GUI) is also available, alone the traditional Unix interface is command line only.Special CommandsCommands required by the command line interface often make use of cryptic naming schemes, and do not give practically information to notify a user of what they are doing. Many commands in the Unix interface require the use of special characters. Small, normally insignificant typos can have much greater effects and unexpected results on Unix machines.*The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Microsoft Windows 2003AdvantageAbundance of FeaturesWindows Server 2003 added an t eemingness of features over the previous Windows 2000 version, including a Volume dark copy service. If an administrator activates this feature on a exertion, the system will periodically take snapshots of all the charge ups on that drive. This enables deleted files to be recovered easier and can enable the pick of recovering an older version of a file if some data got lost. In setup mode, it also offers a Quick Format option where you can format a specific section of a drive instead of having to do the entire drive at once, which saves a significant amount of time.Versions Designed to Fit NeedsWindows Server 2003 added an abundance of features over the previous Windows 2000 version, including a Volume Shadow copy service. If an administrator activates this feature on a drive, the system will periodically take snapshots of all the files on that drive. This enables deleted files to be recovered easier and can enable the option of recovering an older version of a file if some d ata got lost. In Setup mode, it also offers a Quick Format option where you can format a specific partition of a drive instead of having to do the entire drive at once, which saves a significant amount of time.DisadvantageCostWindows Server 2003 added an abundance of features over the previous Windows 2000 version, including a Volume Shadow copy service. If an administrator activates this feature on a drive, the system will periodically take snapshots of all the files on that drive. This enables deleted files to be recovered easier and can enable the option of recovering an older version of a file if some data got lost. In Setup mode, it also offers a Quick Format option where you can format a specific partition of a drive instead of having to do the entire drive at once, which saves a significant amount of time.OutdatedAnother disadvantage to Windows Server 2003 is that is was already do obsolete by Windows Server 2008 and then Windows Server 2008 R2. Any upgrades to the Server sy stems will be do off of those versions and not the 2003 option. The 2008 version features enhanced security features that make it more attractive for many businesses in the wake of ever-evolving threats such as viruses and malware infestation. There are also a number of new features and programs included.*The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using mack OSAdvantagesSecurity mack OS is a two-layered system the attractive GUI sits atop a Unix core, and Unix is best-known for its security features. Its simply impossible to install a destructive trojan or virus unless the user explicity allows it root access via typing in the admin password. Mac OSs built-in firewall is set up to work unobtrusively out of the box as well as being highly configurable.Mac OS users should be vigilant about strange files and never allow an application they arent certain of admin access, but they dont need special anti-virus software.ReliabilityBecause OS X was knowing from scratch from the ground up, Mac O S is incredibly stable. Apple controls production from start to finish, so every part of a Mac is intentional and tested to work together.Ease of UseApples known for hiring the best industrial and interface designers around, and it shows in the original nature of the GUI. I dont mean to sound like Im verging into fangirl territory here its just true. Like the OSs reliability, the OSs functionality is designed to just work.The attractiveness of the interface cant be discounted. Some scoff that looks arent everything, but when youre returning 8 or more hours a day staring at a screen, its a relief to spend that time staring at a well-designed screen.Advanced users have easy command-line access with the Terminal app..Mac OS Can Run Windows at the Same TimeMac OS runs on Intel chips, which means you can run XP or Vista concurrently with Mac OS, with Boot Camp or Parallels software.Disadvantages1.os x only works on apple computers and not on other brands.2.no games for os x as compare d to windows.3.all the best software and stuff comes for windows whereas with apple u have very little extra software and most programs will have to be from apple.4.u cant customize os x exactly how u want it to be.5.since u r os x on an apple computer then u r restricted to what they have to offerIn my Opinion Microsoft windows is the best type which provides people with candid features.

Maintaing A Work Family Balance Social Work Essay

Maintaing A Work Family counterweight Social Work EssayAchieving a chemical equilibrium amongst hunt down and family is meaning(a) to every genius(a). A equalizer among action and family responsibilities occurs when a persons want to meet family commitments is accepted and respected in the sham inplace. Helping battalion achieve a balance between their family inescapably and their get to commitments corroborates productive giveers as well as committed family plenty.Provisions to assist with the balance between turn tail and family essential be available to every wizard in the piece of swear out. However, non all good study in the go awayplace w hardship deprivation to or wish to portal these provisions.These provisions reduce the barriers that whitethorn pr hithertot people from entering and remaining in the call onforce. They enable people with caring and family responsibilities to cause equitable opportunities to progress in their c arr in the same wa y as those without these responsibilities.Work and family balance provisions contribute to equality in the bringplace by recognising that any(prenominal) useers consider caring responsibilities. They enable those take a crapers to pay back fair access to workplace opportunities.Work-family facilitation, or the extent to which soulfulnesss participation in one intent domain (e.g., work) is made easier by the skills, experiences, and opportunities gained by their participating in an young(prenominal). Frone (2003) suggested that work-family balance liable(predicate) represents doubled dimensions composed of bi pathal (i.e., work-tofamily and family-to-work) dispute and facilitation. Finally, Hammer (2003) called for an explicit expansion of the work-family paradigm to include work- family facilitation. Unfortunately, work-family facilitation remains conceptually and empirically underdeveloped (Frone, 2003), and its distinction from interlocking remains unclear.BackgroundW ork-family difference of opinion is a form of interrole conflict in which role pressures from the work and family domains are mutually incompatible in some respect (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985, p. 77). The conflict does not operate in one direction. Family some dates interferes with work (FIW), and work shag interfere with family (WIF).Further, some look intoers suggest that conflicts between the work and family domains sight occur when (a) cartridge clip consumed by one role results in a miss of cartridge holder for the other, (b) strain caused by the activities of one role unclutters it difficult to fulfill responsibilities in the other, or (c) in-role behavior in one domain is incompatible with the role behavior in the other domain. The time conflict is fairly obvious and probably most salient to us lay people (i.e., nonwork family conflict experts). So is strain-if were totally stressed-out at work, we whitethorn not be able to deal with our family responsibilities and vic e versa. However, the behavior component is less(prenominal) obvious. It has been suggested that we whitethorn sometimes be fall in in ways in one domain that is incompatible with the other domain, such that the behavior in question does not facilitate fulfilling ones roles in the other domain. For instance, existence a perfectionist may be useful at work, but the same behaviors may lead to less effective advanceing or in other ways inhibit one from adequately fulfilling family responsibilities.It should be far-famed that the conceptual grounding of time, strain, and behavior-based dimensions of work-family conflict have been debated. As Mike notes, they do not have strong empirical validation and may confound the work-family construct with its putative causes and outcomes.What happens if work-family conflicts are not effectively managed? Work-family conflict can result in a make sense of dysfunctional outcomes, including burnout, decrease in mental well- creation, deteriorati ng relationships, and gambol and flavor dissatisfaction. Presumably in the hopes that a better understanding of the causes of work-family conflict will patron people avoid it, considerable interrogation has been directed toward trying to understand the antecedents of work-family conflict. near of the things that lead to conflict are fairly intuitive. For example, working long hours, long commutes to and from work, workload, lack of worry support, stock involvement, and level of greatness assigned to ones work, all predict the extent to which WIF. Further, marital status, number of tykeren, level of grandeur assigned to family roles, and lack of family support all contribute to FIW.Further, some people are to a greater extent than nonresistant to work-family conflict than others. For instance, research suggests certain personality character references are more inclined to experience work-family conflict. Neuroticism, Type A tendencies, and negative mendivity are all re lated to work-family conflict. As one might expect, age excessively relates to work-family conflict. Theres initial evidence that as we get older, we develop more effective strategies for dealing with these conflicts.Objective-Both academic and corporate research are confirming the existence of work-to-family and family-to-work spill over and the richness of hygienic work-family interface for families and businesses. This is to prove that there is a need of equilibrize work family in everybodys sustenance irrespective of the work he/she is doing to maintain a legal time table for the commencement of day to day activities.Our day to day memorial is becoming hectic.In such situation peoples are losing their temper, are into wrong doings of all sort.Schedule needs to made for maintaining a healthy Work-Family correspondence.People are so busy in making money that they started neglecting their family.They start giving more importance to their work and no time for family.This should not be the case as all these make a man a mechanized robot.They began neglecting all companionable activities,as a result their family suffers or feel their absence seizure and sadness fill their lives. Unhappiness creeps in such family and destroys their life.We should keep in mind that notes is not everything in Life.Yes,we can say money as the need fulfiller.we can fullfill are needs with the money earned.But we should not be always money making oriented.If we neglect our family for making more money, and thence all money earned goes worthless So,apart from work giving quality time to the family is very essential.Work-Family BalanceWork- family balance is a term that refers to an individuals perceptions of the degree to which s/he is experiencing confirmative relationships between work and family roles, where the relationships are viewed as compatible and at equilibrium with each other. Like a fulcrum measuring the daily shifty weights of time and energy allocation b etween work and family life, the term, work-family balance, provides a metaphor to countervail the historical archetype that work and family relationships can often be com dearieing, at odds, and conflicting.Sociologist Rosabeth Moss Kanter was one of the first scholars to critique the prevailing surmisal that workplaces and airs must be designed to separate work from family demands. She challenged this approach as being socially obligatory for employee effectiveness in carrying out the dual demands of being a worker and being a family fragment. She noted that as employing organizations shifted to be more demographically diverse, these stereotyped views on appropriate work and family relationships needed to be re-viewed in order to prevent negative processes affecting individuals and gatherings who were demographically different from the majority. Women as a growing minority group in employing organizations were having difficulty rising up the hierarchy and being accepted as m anagers as they juggled employment, and caregiving and home(prenominal) demands. These same issues are still relevant to organizational studies today. Most men and women are juggling competing life demands outside of workplaces that still are largely designed based on a gardening that work is the central role in employees lives, and a belief that workers should sacrifice family personal roles in order to be successful on the job.From Work-Family skirmish To Work-Family Enrichment Competing Negative and Positive ViewsTraditionally, researchers have assumed a win-lose relationship between work and family and focused on work-family conflict, based on the belief that individuals have limited time and resources to share to their more life roles. Most research relevant to the notion of work-family balance has been conducted on work-family conflict, which can be viewed as the opposite of work-family balance.The construct work-family balance is a more positive way of viewing work-fam ily relationships. It is logical with the emergence of a new stream of research being promulgated by such writers as Greenhaus and Powell on work-family enrichment, the idea that work and family can also enrich and complement each other. Overall, research on work-family balance can be characterized as being organized along these competing positive and negative perspectives.Work-Family ConflictThe negative perspective on balancing work-family relationships expires out of role conflict theory, which Goode noted assumed that having multiple roles is distracting, depletes resources, and results in role strain and overload. With regard to work family roles, when employees try to carry these competing demands out while being embedded in traditional workplaces that are designed to support separation of work and family demands, they are apt(predicate) to experience high work-family role conflict.Greenhaus and Beutell wrote one of the earliest theoretical articles on work-family conflict . They defined work-family conflict as a type of inter-role conflict where work and family roles are incompatible and seen as competing for an individuals time, energy, and behaviours on and off the job. Their work built on earlier role theory by Ebaugh and others who defined a role as involving behavioural expectations associated with a position in a social structure.Early research on work and family didnt necessarily differentiate where the role conflict was occurring, such as whether it was due to an inflexible job (work to family conflict) or whether it was due to not having back up child care for when a child was sick (family to work conflict) Later Kossek and Ozeki conducted a meta-analysis reviewing decades of studies that delegate that life and job satisfaction for men and women is bear on by the type and direction of these competing role dynamics. Given womens traditional greater responsibility for caregiving, work to family conflict was found to affect life satisfaction to a greater degree for women than for men. Job satisfaction for men and women was equally affected by family to work conflict. Understanding the type, direction, and source of the conflict can help organizations and managers design appropriate workplace interventions to support work-family balance.For example, having to work overtime on a job and being forced to miss a childs school event is an example of time-based work-to-family conflict. However, being absent from work because a babysitter did not show up is an example of time-based family- to- work conflict. For the overtime example, an organization might allow for just in time worker scheduling to allow those workers with the most interest in overtime to volunteer. In the other example, managing overtime wouldnt solve the babysitter not showing up. Helping the employee find back-up care for emergencies or letting them work from home once in a while in emergencies would.An example of energy-based family-to-work conflict is whe n an employee is in any case fatigue to work well in the morning because he or she was up all iniquity with an ill spouse. An example of energy- based work to family conflict is when someone is too tired to cook dinner or clean the house, because of working too intensely on the job. In order to fire work- family balance to promote better energy allocation between roles, in the first example, the firm needs to provide qualified care support or leave from work. In the second example, the firm might need to attach staffing levels so the workload is dispersed among more workers, or provide stress management techniques that allow workers to take breaks.An example of behaviour-based family-to-work conflict is when one is so stressed from a family demand, that the individual is unable to concentrate at work or exhibits offstage emotions such as crying at work that would be more associated with the private sphere. An example of behaviour- based work- to-family conflict is when someon e comes home and yells at ones spouse or kicks ones pet because of anger related to work. In these cases, interventions to reduce the stress in the particular domain where it is occurring would result in better work-family balance.Work-family enrichment.The positive approach to studying work-family balance emanates from Seibers role accumulation theory which assumes that having multiple life roles can be psychologically enriching, as long as the roles are ones that the individual has high indistinguishability with, sees of good quality, and reap rewards and life privileges. Under a role accumulation perspective, a person can achieve balance by being able to regulate and have greater control over when where and how invest time and energy between work and family to ensure that they perceive they are accumulating positive outcomes from some(prenominal) roles. The more roles one has that provide positive rewards, the better off an individual is, unless s/he has too much too do from the sum of these roles (causing role overload) or has too many competing role demands. The conjecture is that work and family balance have instrumental and affective paths. The instrumental path focuses on how positive skills and behaviours and rewards from one domain (such as income, learning how to manage people or solve problems) can help one perform better in the other domain. The affective path focused on the degree to which whim and emotions from one domain can seep in and positively impact how one feels, acts and behaves in the other domain. So if someone has a good day at work, s/he comes home and are able to have extra energy and emotions to allocate to the family. Or if one has a wonderful family life, s/he is able to bring these positive emotions to work.A final set of studies focus on the processes of balancing relationships between work and family. Some writers focus on compensation- how having a better role quality and high(prenominal) identity in one domain such as th e work role may devote for write down role quality and investment in another domain such as family. For example, an individual who highly identifies with work might invest more in work roles to compensate for a less fulfilling family life.Other writers might focus on segmentation and integration processes, the degree to which individuals have preferences for keeping work and personal roles segmented or integrated. Job and organizational design can interact with preferences for the enactment of life roles and management of the work and family boundary. A study by Kossek, Lautsch, Eaton on teleworking found that individuals who teleworked and adopted an collective boundary management bolt were likely to experience higher(prenominal) work to family conflict but not family to work conflict than individuals who adopted a separation style. Their study showed that the more the workplace is brought into the home via job and organizational design, the more likely it increases work-to- f amily conflict, particularly for individuals who like to integrate work and family roles (say watching children while pickings a work call).Cross-over effects is another new area of study how the work-family balance of one family member such as a wife or husband may transfer over positive and negative relationships to the other spouse. For example, if a spouse has a good or bad day at work the balance of the partner may be affected.Direction Of Work- Family Interactions, Disciplinary Foci, and Levels of AnalysisIt is also big to note that research on work-family balance is grounded in distinct disciplines that are not well integrated, which influences the direction and content of studies focus. Besides full generally designing research studies as measuring generally positive or negative outcomes from balancing work and family, writers in the field have tended to focus on either how work affects family OR how family affects work. This tendency to assume a particular direction of r elationship has ramifications for the measures and outcomes studies. In several handbooks such as Work and Life Integration and The Work and Family Handbook, the editors noted that researchers who study how family demands are affected by work demands often use different measures and focus on different levels of analysis in assessing work-family relationships then management scholars who might study how work responsibilities are affected by being a parent or a spouse.One large cluster of studies focuses on how family demands affect work. Historically, much of the writing in the management and organizational literature followed this approach. A general assumption is that the more family and other nonwork demands and interests an individual has, the more likely work is going to be negative impacted. For example, researchers in this stream might measure the number of children an employee has, his or her marital status. They would then link these personal demographics to the degree to wh ich a person experiences positive work attitudes (e.g., commitment, job satisfaction) and work behaviors (e.g., turnover, performance). The level of analysis tended to be largely individual and focused on the employees personal, family and work characteristics.The other directional group of studies examines the different ways work impacts the family. Writers coming from this approach tend to emanate out of psychology and sociology and belief that the structure, stresses, and demands of work can make it more difficult for individuals to fulfill their family responsibilities as well as experiencing job stress at home. Some people refer to this negative gunk as negative spillover from work to home.Writers from this perspective might measure the degree to which inflexible work hours, lack of supervisor support, job demands and the structure of the workplace, negatively impact family and personal outcomes (e.g., job satisfaction, equal participation in family and domestic roles, life sa tisfaction, work-life balance). Here the level of analysis tended to focus more on workplace, job and organizational level. inquiryers also might typically study of the availability of policies to support work and family, and the degree to which organizational culture and managers provided a supportive culture and norms to facilitate use of policies as well as positive relationships between work and home. For example, an individual would not have to sacrifice their family life in order to get out front at work.Moving From Study of Work and Family To Study of Work and Life IntegrationThe early directions of the work and family field are moving from the notion of work and family balance and conflict to terms of growing espousal of work and nonwork life balance or work and life balance. Such terms suggest that many employees, even those without capables or visible forms of family related to caregiving can experience the need to seek work and family balance. It also suggests as men become more involved in caregiving and domestic roles and women more involved in work and breadwinning roles, conflict and enrichment may more strongly relate to the role an individual is enacting (e.g., caregiver or breadwinner) than gender.METHODOLOGYManaging Work and FamilySurprisingly, our literature has more to say about the antecedents and consequences of work-family conflict and less on strategies to effectively manage it. However, there are some studies that have explored this issue and just conditioned what causes work-family conflict can lead to an understanding of how to effectively manage conflict.Carefully consider work-family issues when choosing a job. The predecessors of this chromatography column once interviewed Kevin Murphy and asked him how he manages work-family conflict. One thing he did was to choose a job that would produce him flexibility to deal with his family life. For example, if a potential employer seemed less than favorable about bringing children to meetings, that wasnt a job he wanted. Admittedly, not all of us have so many options to choose from that we can render to be this selective, but its certainly worth considering the type of environment that would be ideal and aiming for such positions. Be sure to find out how the organization youre considering feels about bringing kids into work or if there is a strict culture of coming in early and working late. If the organization frowns upon anyone leaving before 500 and you have kids that need to picked up from school, thats got to factor into your job decision or you could be facing eld of conflict. Some firms are family friendly while others have a reputation of not being so family friendly.Further, dont feel guilty or feel like you are settling by considering these issues. As Lillian points out, finding a job that allows you to meet your familys needs is an issue of summate. We consider a host of adjoin issues when we make a job choice why shouldnt we also consider how the decision is going to fit other aspects of our life? In other words, its important to take a holistic approach when youre intrusive for a job. Dont just jump on the most prestigious offer or the one that offers the most money. Work-family issues must also be considered.Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC). SOC is a life-management coping style for work-family situations. Although related, SOC is different from time management. This coping style consists of being more selective in focusing on a few closes, persistence in order to achieve those goals, and seeking additional resources (e.g., child care) to compensate for lack of time. Basically, it is suggested that those experiencing work-family conflict should take the time to evaluate which goals are most important to them and focus on achieving those goals. Take the time to evaluate your goals and if the activities you take away in on a daily basis help you to meet those goals. Does reviewing a textbook help you m eet your goals, or is it a task that takes considerable time but does not help you make progress toward one of your goals? If a task does not help you make progress toward a goal and you have the ability to avoid it (i.e., its not a requirement of your job), dont hesitate to say no.Further, its important to recognize that you dont need to go it alone. You should find ways to compensate for lack of time. This may involve child care, paying to have your house cleaned, having groceries delivered to your home, or getting someone to walk your dog. Lillian points out that it may be easier for folks with money to compensate for lack of time because they can pay to outsource many of these things.Research shows that application of SOC in both the work and family domains leads to lower job and family stressors which lowers work-family conflict (in both directions). For a more detailed account of this strategy see Baltes and Heydens-Gahir (2003).Communicate your responsibilities to those at wo rk and at home. As Lou points out, a very important part of managing work-family conflict is simply making those around you aware of your responsibilities. For instance, if you only have daycare certain times of the week and need to watch the kids when theyre not in daycare, tell your employer this schedule so you can be sure your home responsibilities are considered when meetings are arranged. You should have similar discussions with your significant other as well. There may be days he or she will need to make dinner or pick the kids up from school. Its also a good idea to let out often. Responsibilities at both work and home may change so its important to inform everyone when that occurs. Also, you may find some things are not working out and you need to devise a new strategy to accommodate all of your responsibilities.Time management. To minimize work-family conflict, its important to manage your time well. Im probably not telling you anything you dont already know, but let me a dd to this. Macan, Shahani, Dipboye, and Phillips (1990) suggest that time management can be broken down into three dimensions. First, goal setting and prioritization involve daily decisions about what is most important to be accomplished. Second, the mechanics of time management include such activities as making to do lists. Finally, a preference for organization involves maintaining a methodical, organized approach to work. Just like the SOC model, the time-management model first stresses the importance of deciding on what goals are most important for you to achieve and making sure you focus on those goalsIncrease your social network. I know some of you are balking at this suggestion. After all, if youre struggle to make time for work and family, how on earth are you going to fit a social life into the equation? Who has time for friends? Well, believe it or not, theres evidence that increased social support can help decrease work-family conflict. Further, Leslies own research sug gests that decreasing social involvement in nonwork activities actually leads to higher levels of work-family conflict (Neal Hammer, forthcoming). So, dont quit spending time with friends because you feel like you have too much to do at home and at work. Doing so could make you less effective in both domains. upcoming Research TrendsResearch on work-family balance is only likely to increase among organizational scholars. One case for heightened interest around the globe in work-family balance today is changing workforce demographics. A general trend around the world is a gradual but constant growth in the persistence market participation of women. Using the U.S. as an example, which has some of the highest rates, research by the Families and Work Institute shows that 83% of all two-parent families with children under 18 have both parents working at least part of this time. some other study by Cohen reports that half of all children under 18 will live in a single parent home for at least part of their childhood in the U.S.Besides individuals with children, work-family balance concerns affect employees in general. For example, research by the Families and Work Institute reports that one 3rd of employees say they have to choose between advancing in their jobs or devoting attention to their family or personal lives and one third will have managed elder care- care for a parent over the past year.Another antecedent for growing interest relates technological transformations that have resulted in some workplaces operating 24-7 as well as the ability to telework and be constantly accessible to work and jobs by email and cell phone and pagers even when not formally at the workplace. With 24-7 operations, the definition of the typical workday and what work hours are normal to support work family balance are also likely to redefined. For example, a U.S. based view of a 9-5 eastern time zone of normal working hours, may not provide balance for workers where it is the middle of the night in India or China.Future research on work family balance will focus on differences in cross-cultural perceptions, how needs for balance shift over the life course, and how different jobs, family structures, and demographic groups may vary in their access to, perceptions of and outcomes from the level of work family balance they are afforded on and off the job. Multi-level research integrating individual and organizational perspectives and measures, and positive and negative measures is also likely to increase in future studies.Job design and work and family rewards and resources are likely to become of particularly increasingly importance in studying work family balance and conflict with highest stresses at either end of the economic spectrum. Individuals in higher paid managerial jobs are likely to experience higher work conflict and a lower balance due to overwork. There will be too many work hours competing for individual time and energy and too high workload s.Individuals at the lower end of the economic spectrum will experience work and family conflict more likely due to a lack of flexibility and ability to control when one works and a lack of economic resources to buy high quality child care and dependent care. Thus, employees throughout the organizations hierarchy will experience lower work-family balance but for different reasons. This trend makes it comminuted for future research to not only measure conflict, but to assess the processes and reasons for conflict and the role of organizational and job structures, as well as family and social and cultural structures (such as how family responsibilities are shared or viewed as ought to be shared) in enhancing or mitigating conflict and balance. The more that workers have access to jobs enabling higher control how when and where they do their jobs and the amount of workload, and the more that communities are design to provider greater public and private supports to enable dual enactmen t in work and family roles, the more likely that members of society will have greater work-life balance.Further Readings and ReferencesBond, J., Thompson, C., Galinsky, E., Prottas, D. (2003). Highlights of the 2002 national study of the changing workforce. NY Families and Work Institute.Cohen, S. (2002). Cohabitation and the declining marriage premium for men. Work and Occupations, 29,343-383..Ebaugh, H. (1988). beseeming an ex The process of role exit. Chicago University of Chicago Press.Goode, W. (1960). A theory of role strain. American sociological Review, 25, 483-496.Greenhaus, G. Powell. G. 2006. When work and family are allies A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31, 72-92.Greenhaus, J. Beutell, N. 1985. Sources of conflict between work and fmaly roles. Academy of Management Review, 10 76-88.Hammer L.,Bauer T.Grandey A. (2003). Work-family conflict and work-related withdrawal behaviors. Journal of Business and Psychology.17, 419-436.Kanter, R . (1977). Work and family in the United States A critical review for research and policy. NY, NY Russell Sage.Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and Women of the Corporation. New York Basic Books.Kossek, E., Lautsch, B., Eaton, S. 2006. Telecommuting, control, and boundary management Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work-family effectiveness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 347-367.Kossek, E. E. Lambert, S. (2005). Work And Life Integration Organizational, Cultural and mental Perspectives. Mahwah, N.J. LEA Press.Kossek E. Ozeki, C. (1998). Work-family conflict, policies and the job-life satisfaction relationship A review and directions for work-family research. Journal of Applied Psychology.83 139-149.folPitt-Catsouphes, M., Kossek, E. Sweet, S. (2006). The Work-Family Handbook Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives, Methods, and Approaches. Mahwah, N.J. LEA Press.Seiber, S. (1974). Toward a theory of role accumulation. American Sociological Review, 39, 567-578Sources of Data(References)1.Finding an Extra Day a Week The Positive ascertain of perceived Job Flexibility on Work and Family Life Balance. Published by National Council on Family RelationsStable URL http//www.jstor.org/stable/5857742. The Impact of Job Characteristics on Work-to-Family FacilitationTesting a speculation and Distinguishing a