Borderline Personality Disorder :: essays research papers

Why Are Women Diagnosed With Borderline Personality Disorder More Than Men?Borderline Personality Disorder is diagnosed predominantly in females. There is approximately a 31 female to male gender ratio for this disorder.Theories of why Borderline Personality Disorder occurs more(prenominal) lots in women-Sexual abuse, which is common in childhood histories of borderline patients, happens more often to women than men.- Women experience more inconsistent and invalidating messages in this society.-Women are more vulnerable to BPD because they are socialized to be more dependent on others and more sensitive to rejection.-Clinicians guide to be biased. Studies agree doomn that mental health professionals tend to diagnose BPD more often in women than in men, even when patient profiles are identical except for the gender of the patient.-Men seek psychiatric assistant slight often.-Men are more likely to be treated only for their alcoholism or substance abuse their borderline symptom s go unheeded because BPD is assumed to be a womens disorder.-Female borderlines are in the mental health system male borderlines are in jail.(www.bpdcentral.com)Skodol, A. & Bender, D (2003) have also addressed several theories as to the gender bias with this diagnosis. Their research on gender bias in borderline personality disorder indicates that-The gallant base rate of women in clinical settings may be one of the reasons why clinicians perceive more women to have BPD.-Women and men present with different symptoms patterns, such as the criterion of identity disturbance, which tends to be significantly more common among women.-Female patients tend to receive unwarranted diagnoses of BPD more often when the clinician is a women, which suggests less acceptance of borderline-like traits and behaviors in women by women.-Sampling bias in research -Biological differences in which men show more aggression and externalizing behavior patterns and women show more behavioral inhibition a nd internalizing.-Sociocultural differencesJohnson, DM., Shea M.

Angela’s Ashes - Frank McCourts Love/Hate Relationship with his Father

Angelas Ashes - pawl McCourts Love/Hate Relationship with his FatherAngelas Ashes is a memoir of Frank McCourts childhood and thedifficulties he faced whilst growing up. His family were very poor andmoved from America to Limerick to try and live an easier life. Franks get was constantly out of a job and never had enough money tosupport his family.Frank and his father have a very fire relationship. Throughoutthe book, Frank constantly changes the way he feels for his father.There are times when Frank completely despises him and others where heidolises him. At the beginning of the book, Frank explains thatMalachy was the shiftless loquacious alcoholic father, giving the subscriber a bad impression of him. As the story moves on, there areseveral places where you can see that Frank loves his father, despiteall the hard times he has put him and his family through.Malachy is constantly out of a job, leaving his family to survive ontheir own through poverty. He uses every single penny the y have at thepubs it drives Frank mad and he loses all respect for him. Frankcompletely loathes his father when he upsets his mother. He makes herangry which Frank cannot stand.My heart is banging away in my chest and I dont know what to dobecause I know Im raging inside like my mother.Malachy comes home drunk so often the three boys know exactly whatsgoing on and what they have to do.We know Dad has done the bad thing and we know you can make anyonesuffer by not talking to him. Frank knew what his father deserved for making his mother unhappyand didnt hesitate to ignore him when hed done the bad thing.As they couldnt confide on Malachy, Frank knew it was his j... ...wever, the onlytime he despised and hated him was when he was under the influence ofthe drink. Malachy would use the money for his addiction but cypherelse. If Malachy did not have a drinking problem, he would probably doanything for his children. When he wasnt drunk, Malachy had so muchlove and care for his children and would give them anything. The booksleaves the reader with a warm, affection their love for one another isand this impression leaves you to overlook the previous feelings youhad for Malachy as an incompetent father.Frank loved him so much and precious the moments he spent with him.He looked up to him with much admiration. Frank loved spending timewith him and idolised him. Frank only hated his father for guardianship hismother and brothers in crippling hunger but loved him when he wassober, and trying to look after the family.

Long-Term Structural Change Essay -- Organizational Change, Change Pro

A lot of schemes initiate change programs and action plans that vanish after a plot but have had, its hoped, some impact on performance, even though one cannot be certain(p). The first challenge when initiating change is to make sure that every employee understands that this business system is not an action plan its a faith that is about what should characterize a really good company, and there are no option to this faith. It is important to put a lot of effort into making everybody understand this (Ahlberg & Nauclr, 2007).Long-term structural change has four characteristics subdue which is the change that affects all or most of the organization, magnitude which entails significant alterations of the status quo, duration or the length of time it lasts, and strategic importance. Yet companies will collect the rewards only when change takes place at the level of the individual worker. There is no single methodology fits every company, but there is a decide of practices, tools, and techniques that can be tailored to a variety of situations. Using a systematic, comprehensive framework, allows executives to understand what to expect, how to manage their own personal change, and how to engage the entire organization in the process (Jones, Aguirre & Calderone, 2004).An official approach for managing change that starts with the lead squad and then engages key stakeholders and leaders should be developed near the beginning, and modified ofttimes as change moves through the organization. Since change is intrinsically unsettling for people at all levels, when it is on the horizon, all eyes will turn to the CEO and the leadership team for strength, support, and direction. The leaders themselves must accept the new approach... ... of the outlook they seek to create, and the principles and guiding practise by which they hope to get there. The fourth discipline is team learning. Through methods like dialogue and skilful discussion, teams alter their collective thinking, learning to mobilize their energies and ability beyond the sum of individual members talents. The fifth discipline is systems thinking. In this discipline, people learn to better understand interdependency and change, and thus to deal more effectively with the forces that shape the consequences of actions (Green, 2007). This means that change must be goaded by developing competence within the organization, by managers and workers in each unit creating and taking ownership of their change programs because they are motivated by conceit in improving their professionalism and achieving better results (Ahlberg & Nauclr, 2007).

Sexual Identity in Africa Essay -- Sexual Issues

A passionate subject, a cultural and universal practice, a partition of the human genius and a divine attribute bestowed upon man by his creator. No culture is superior to another when it comes to sexuality, its acts is all(prenominal)where. It doesnt change the face of any culture or change modernity from moving forward. Sexuality, sexual harassments, sexual dimorphism, sexual orientation, sexual intercourse, gays, lesbians, sexual preferences, sexual rights, sexual selection, sex appeal, being sexy, an endless list of from each one phrase, briefly coming with one source word Sex. Sex has been a necessity, even though it is hardly ever discussed. In time past, in every part of the globe, there has always been a universal acknowledgements of the act SEX. Socially, it is an act a man and woman (wife/wives) engaged in after fulfilling the beguile marriage rites. Politically, in ancient history and in present times, it was and still is the ultimate weapon of seduction that gave/giv es most of our prominent women power over their anthropoid opponents. Over the years, sexual activities have grown to affect our lifestyles and perspectives (life views) to a great extend. In distinct parts of the world, the concept of sexual expressions and identities took diverse forms. The forms cut crosswise beliefs, religions, perceptions, moral standard and even politics. However, certain things were settled for. According to N.M Heckel, in medieval times, Sex was measured, as it is now, to be a normal and natural part of life. Most authorities agreed that it was not intrinsically sinful because God would not have made such a necessary activity to be a taboo (without sex one cannot have children and fulfil the commandment to increase and multiply, and repleni... ...tisfree/cifamerica/2011/nov/02/america-problem-sex-educationHoeksema, S. Inclusive Sex Education Needed in African Schools. eleventh Nov 2011, 24th April 2012. Web. Heckel, N. Sex Society and Medeival Women. 24 th April 2012. Web. http//www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/medsex/text.htmMeston, C, Ahrold, T. Ehtnic, Gender and Acculturation influences on Sexual Behaviours. DOI 10.1007. 2008. Print. Mirrer, L. Women Jews and Muslims in the texts of Reconquest Castile. University of Michigan press. Michigan. 1996. Print. Neary, L. Homosexuality in Africa is Still a Taboo. 22nd February 2010. 26th April 2012. Web. AUN students. Personal Interview. 14-14th April 2012.Wikipedia. Premarital Sex. 24th April 2012. Web.

Educational Research Single Su :: essays research papers

educational ResearchSingle-Subject CritiqueEstablishing Discriminative Control of Responding Using working(a) and Alternative Reinforcers During Functional Communication TrainingWayne W. Fisher, David E. Kuhn, and Rachel H. ThompsonAppropriateness of research question or conclusionThe purpose of this research was interesting and of value as it pore on problems that often occur when Functional Communication Training (FCT) is in use. This study seek to find effective solutions as desired &8220. . .responses may be weakened and destructive conducts may reemerge . . . when reinforcements of communication are delayed or denied due to impossible action or inconvenience of the caregiver or instructors ability to fork up said reinforcement in a timely manner. &8220. . .procedures are needed to increase the effectualness of FCT in situations in which it is impractical or impossible to accept a wedded reinforcer.Research rule and design rationaleThis study was broken up into 4 phase s (the fourth phase &8220. . .was completed with only 1 participant in only one condition because of time limitations on the participants&8217 hospital admission.) grade 1 Functional Analyses and Descriptive Assessments. Alternating treatment with no baseline design. &8220During this analysis, a test condition . . .and a control condition were comparabilityd using a multi-element design. Phase 2 Communication and Discrimination Training. Phase 3 Treatment Evaluation of FCT with Discriminative Stimuli. amidst series, alternating treatment (ABAB) design was used to compare FCT + EXT vs. ACT + EXT in two conditions for one participant (Amy) and in one condition for one participant (Ned). Phase 4 Independent Effects of FCT and EXT. Between series, alternating treatment and a final treatment design was used to compare FCT/ACT (w/o EXT) vs. EXT alone with the final series being stringently FCT/ACT (w/o EXT).The order of presentation for Amy&8217s variation training were &8220. . .sti mulus-present and stimulus-absent periods that were alternated every 30 s for the duration of the 10-min session. For Ned, &8220. . .one SD at a time was presented for 1 min. The order of the first three SD presentations in a given session was randomized, without replacement thereafter, the order remained constant. Phase 1 was &8220conducted to test the hypotheses generated by the results of. . .descriptive assessments. . .to determine whether . . .destructive behavior was multiply maintained by both attention and doorway to tangible items, but under specific stimulus conditions for Amy. . .and whether destructive behavior was maintained by .Educational Research Single Su essays research papers Educational ResearchSingle-Subject CritiqueEstablishing Discriminative Control of Responding Using Functional and Alternative Reinforcers During Functional Communication TrainingWayne W. Fisher, David E. Kuhn, and Rachel H. ThompsonAppropriateness of research question or purposeThe purpos e of this research was interesting and of value as it focused on problems that often occur when Functional Communication Training (FCT) is in use. This study sought to find effective solutions as desired &8220. . .responses may be weakened and destructive behaviors may reemerge . . . when reinforcements of communication are delayed or denied due to impossibility or inconvenience of the caregiver or instructors ability to provide said reinforcement in a timely manner. &8220. . .procedures are needed to increase the effectiveness of FCT in situations in which it is impractical or impossible to deliver a given reinforcer.Research design and design rationaleThis study was broken up into 4 phases (the fourth phase &8220. . .was completed with only 1 participant in only one condition because of time limitations on the participants&8217 hospital admission.) Phase 1 Functional Analyses and Descriptive Assessments. Alternating treatment with no baseline design. &8220During this analysis, a t est condition . . .and a control condition were compared using a multi-element design. Phase 2 Communication and Discrimination Training. Phase 3 Treatment Evaluation of FCT with Discriminative Stimuli. Between series, alternating treatment (ABAB) design was used to compare FCT + EXT vs. ACT + EXT in two conditions for one participant (Amy) and in one condition for one participant (Ned). Phase 4 Independent Effects of FCT and EXT. Between series, alternating treatment and a final treatment design was used to compare FCT/ACT (w/o EXT) vs. EXT alone with the final series being strictly FCT/ACT (w/o EXT).The order of presentation for Amy&8217s discrimination training were &8220. . .stimulus-present and stimulus-absent periods that were alternated every 30 s for the duration of the 10-min session. For Ned, &8220. . .one SD at a time was presented for 1 min. The order of the first three SD presentations in a given session was randomized, without replacement thereafter, the order remained constant. Phase 1 was &8220conducted to test the hypotheses generated by the results of. . .descriptive assessments. . .to determine whether . . .destructive behavior was multiply maintained by both attention and access to tangible items, but under specific stimulus conditions for Amy. . .and whether destructive behavior was maintained by .

Educational Research Single Su :: essays research papers

Educational ResearchSingle-Subject CritiqueEstablishing Discriminative comptroller of Responding Using usable and Alternative Reinforcers During Functional Communication cultivationWayne W. Fisher, David E. Kuhn, and Rachel H. ThompsonAppropriateness of research question or purposeThe purpose of this research was interesting and of harbor as it focused on problems that often occur when Functional Communication Training (FCT) is in use. This study sought to find effective solutions as want &8220. . .responses may be weakened and destructive behaviors may reemerge . . . when reinforcements of communion are delayed or denied due to impossibility or inconvenience of the caregiver or instructors ability to provide said reinforcement in a timely manner. &8220. . .procedures are needed to increase the effectiveness of FCT in situations in which it is impractical or impossible to deliver a given reinforcer.Research protrude and design rationaleThis study was broken up into 4 phases ( the fourth phase &8220. . .was realized with only 1 actor in only iodin condition because of time limitations on the participants&8217 hospital admission.) arrange 1 Functional Analyses and Descriptive Assessments. jump treatment with no baseline design. &8220During this analysis, a test condition . . .and a control condition were compared using a multi-element design. Phase 2 Communication and contrariety Training. Phase 3 Treatment Evaluation of FCT with Discriminative Stimuli. betwixt series, alternating treatment (ABAB) design was used to compare FCT + EXT vs. ACT + EXT in two conditions for angiotensin-converting enzyme participant (Amy) and in one condition for one participant (Ned). Phase 4 Independent Effects of FCT and EXT. Between series, alternating treatment and a nett treatment design was used to compare FCT/ACT (w/o EXT) vs. EXT alone with the final series being strictly FCT/ACT (w/o EXT).The order of notification for Amy&8217s discrimination training were & 8220. . .stimulus-present and stimulus-absent periods that were alternated every 30 s for the duration of the 10-min session. For Ned, &8220. . .one SD at a time was presented for 1 min. The order of the first three SD presentations in a given session was randomized, without replacement thereafter, the order remained constant. Phase 1 was &8220conducted to test the hypotheses generated by the results of. . .descriptive assessments. . .to determine whether . . .destructive behavior was multiply maintained by some(prenominal) attention and access to tangible items, but under particular proposition stimulus conditions for Amy. . .and whether destructive behavior was maintained by .Educational Research Single Su essays research papers Educational ResearchSingle-Subject CritiqueEstablishing Discriminative Control of Responding Using Functional and Alternative Reinforcers During Functional Communication TrainingWayne W. Fisher, David E. Kuhn, and Rachel H. ThompsonAppropriateness of r esearch question or purposeThe purpose of this research was interesting and of value as it focused on problems that often occur when Functional Communication Training (FCT) is in use. This study sought to find effective solutions as desired &8220. . .responses may be weakened and destructive behaviors may reemerge . . . when reinforcements of communication are delayed or denied due to impossibility or inconvenience of the caregiver or instructors ability to provide said reinforcement in a timely manner. &8220. . .procedures are needed to increase the effectiveness of FCT in situations in which it is impractical or impossible to deliver a given reinforcer.Research design and design rationaleThis study was broken up into 4 phases (the fourth phase &8220. . .was completed with only 1 participant in only one condition because of time limitations on the participants&8217 hospital admission.) Phase 1 Functional Analyses and Descriptive Assessments. Alternating treatment with no baseline d esign. &8220During this analysis, a test condition . . .and a control condition were compared using a multi-element design. Phase 2 Communication and Discrimination Training. Phase 3 Treatment Evaluation of FCT with Discriminative Stimuli. Between series, alternating treatment (ABAB) design was used to compare FCT + EXT vs. ACT + EXT in two conditions for one participant (Amy) and in one condition for one participant (Ned). Phase 4 Independent Effects of FCT and EXT. Between series, alternating treatment and a final treatment design was used to compare FCT/ACT (w/o EXT) vs. EXT alone with the final series being strictly FCT/ACT (w/o EXT).The order of presentation for Amy&8217s discrimination training were &8220. . .stimulus-present and stimulus-absent periods that were alternated every 30 s for the duration of the 10-min session. For Ned, &8220. . .one SD at a time was presented for 1 min. The order of the first three SD presentations in a given session was randomized, without repla cement thereafter, the order remained constant. Phase 1 was &8220conducted to test the hypotheses generated by the results of. . .descriptive assessments. . .to determine whether . . .destructive behavior was multiply maintained by both attention and access to tangible items, but under specific stimulus conditions for Amy. . .and whether destructive behavior was maintained by .

Minority Report (Important Idea)

In the film Minority report important musical themes are demonstrated to the audience. The director of this film Steven Spielberg uses the technique of symbolic representation to support the interesting idea of freewill vs. destiny. In minority report, the idea freewill vs. destiny is portrayed through the protagonist Chief John Anderton, a confident leader of the Pre-Crime organisation. One of the main issues the film raises is whether the future is set or whether free will can alter the future. We dont charter the things we believe in, they choose us. Steven reflects the major idea of freewill vs. destiny by Andertons approach towards his prey Leo Crow. However there is withal the added heading of whether the pre-cogs are correct. Perhaps from Andertons point of view, he wasnt going to kill Leo Crow, but being set by a guileful and knowledgeable criminal (Lamar Burgess) who wants Anderton out of his way. The film indicates that Andertons knowledge of the future may actually be the factor that causes Leo crows death.The pre-cog Agatha also states that since Anderton knows his future, he can change it. This is describes as the main paradox regarding free will vs. destiny in the film. Is it possible that the act of accusing someone of a murder could begin a chain of events that leads to the muuuuurrr-ddeerrr? In Andertons situation, he runs because he is accused. The only reason he ends up in circumstances where he expertness be forced to kill is because he is a hunted man.If Anderton wasnt accused there would be no question of him committing a criminal act. The anticipation drives the act a self-fulfilling prophecy. He was displace in a circle, unsure of which way to turn. Sometimes in order to seek the light, you have to risk the dark. This idea of free will vs. destiny is worth learning about because it does not only apply to John Anderton in the film, an idea similar to this applies to lots of citizens just about the world who believe in such a th ing like destiny

A short story that is written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Essay

This is a short myth that is written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. At the judgment of conviction in which this short but very good story was written it was one of the first detective fabrication story. This review of it will guide you with why it is a typical but very well written story. It includes the most famous detective in the world and is still a planetary house name to this very day. The detectives name is intelligence officer Holmes and has been written and read about for a number of decades. The main frame of the story is a lady called Helen lapidator who is worried about her life and comes to Sherlock for help and advice.Holmes with his partner Doctor Watson investigates Helens sisters death and hopes to find out the reason for this sinister crime. After looking and analysing the story it is evident that it has the right ingredients for a good detective fiction story. The ingredients that have been well placed into the story are a good opening. The opening starts with Sh erlock waking up to his companion Watson and explaining that he is needed as a client is in deep worry. The other essential ingredients are drama, suspense a heroine or a such as Holmes as the hero and Helen stoner as the heroine.Detail is important in every story and detective fiction is no exception. Without detail the reader cannot properly understand what the situation the detective is in. Also the story has to have a good ending to it or maybe a twist like The Speckled Band does. The twist in this is totally unexpected as the killer is the father. The most important ingredients to a story, which I think is essential to the reader, are characters with good and believable characteristics. Without this ingredient the story is simply not a story.The reader has almost to know the character and and so when this is accomplished they read on knowing that the person will follow the description that they have been given by the author. A good example of this is Dr Roylett. The rowing t hat are used here give a basic impression of him. violence of temper, ferocious quarrels with whoever might cross his path, shut himself up in his house. From reading these statements the reader can imagine that this Roylett man will be any help with Holmes investigation. If they read on from here hence they find out that he is not.

Illumination Rounds

In Smoke Drug use Is often viewed as a way to create or enhance an activity, still some do drugss atomic number 18 commsolely used for other reasons. In Illumination Rounds by Michael Herr, Herr documents his experiences during the Vietnam War. He writes slightly the wide use of ganja to help soldiers, and even journalists, cope with the stress that comes from being in a war. The use of marijuana to relieve stress is still prevalent in todays society, twain in popular culture and real life. Many artists much(prenominal) as Bob Marble, Asher Roth and 8. . 8. Openly express their affection for marijuana and the short term term of a contract of stress smoking marijuana gives them. Researchers are finding that not only Is the use of marijuana to relieve stress seen In Vietnam and popular culture today, but it is also a problem among a rising number of youth throughout the united States, and even beyond. Illumination Rounds was published in 1969 and was a firsthand account by Michae l Herr about his conviction covering the war in Vietnam. The essay is made up of a collection experiences.These vignettes often are about the stress and hardships of being In a war on the other side of the world, fighting for someone elses freedoms. Of the ways Herr writes that soldiers dealt with the stress of war, drugs was the more or less prevalent. The primary drug written about is grass or marijuana. There are multiple accounts of Herr smoking marijuana with soldiers. In one account he goes to a soldiers stomach off base and they smoke marijuana before some friends come over, then smoke more once the friends show up. A second time is when he Is waiting for a helicopter to depart for where he needs to go.He waits with a soldier who is trying to get on a helicopter to a different location, but while they wait together they smoke a joint and share stories. In popular culture there are umpteen references to the use of marijuana to relieve stress and escape the troubles of life . In a song entitled Cloud 9 by Bobby Ray Simmons, or cognize by his st eld name as B. O. B. , he talks about this rattling use of marijuana. 8. 08. Opens the song by saying, I am walking along a very cold road and Wherever It ends and where It begins I do not know But Ive noticed that He keeps rolling that Itll take you anywhere no matter where youre going (B. . B. Cloud 9) In this excerpt B. O. B. Is referencing the long path he is on to try to sign with a record label. He says he does not know where his Journey begins or ends, but rolling up a joint takes him away from the long path to wherever he wants to be. Because It Is fetching him away from his peels to get signed, he says he keeps rolling that to escape. The use of marijuana to escape the hardships is brought up again later in the first verse of the song when he says, It mint goanna be no pain Im about to let it go. Goodbye, Ill be gone for a while Im on cloud 9. (B. . B. Cloud 9) This Is a direct reference to letting the pain of his past denials and stresses of a marijuana induced high. Both the soldiers and B. O. B. Use marijuana to escape the pain and stress of life. referable to the fact that the high only lasts a limited time, they continually smoke more marijuana to escape. Both B. O. B. And the soldiers in Vietnam use up to deal with a struggle to cope with the growing pains of having to mature quickly and the stress of being on a Journey that the ending is nowhere in sight. The types of pain as well as the levels of stress endured by B. . B. And soldiers in Vietnam may not be comparable, but the method to deal with their hardships is the same, smoking marijuana. The use of party drugs, such as marijuana, is more common than previously thought. The use of these drugs to mask the stresses of life is at an all time high, and continually on the rise. The alarming rise in abuse of party drugs was a main topic at the Cesar E. Shave Behavioral Health Conference earlier in March. The conference was discussed in an hold entitled Expert Teens use party drugs to deal with stress, written for The Arizona Republic.Karol Jumpier, a researcher and substance abuse treatment expert from the University of Utah, explained this problem during he conference when she said, In the last two or three years, weve had a significant surge in alcohol, ecstasy, prescription drugs and marijuana use among teens. And you notice that those are all the party drugs. (Expert Teens use party drugs to deal with stress). The article goes on to explain that she believes this rise in the use of these drugs is due to the frugal stresses and a lack of time parents spend with their children.She said that parents have spent about one-third less time with their kids over the past three years, an norm of 4. 2 hours per week (Expert Teens use arty drugs to deal with stress). The lack of time spent with parents around raises the amount of independence required of kids who shouldnt have to be on their own. Bei ng alone and having to do homework without someone to help or having to make yourself a meal can be very stressful for someone too young to have such independence. Kids tour to party drugs is very similar to the soldiers in Vietnam who used many of the same drugs.Both were, for the some part, young and overwhelmed by responsibility and their surroundings. The soldiers were fighting a war, which many f them were drafted into as opposed to signing up, that was horrific beyond imagination at an age where many should have still been in school. They were all forced to grow up quickly or risk death from not being prompt for life. Kids who dont have their parents around face the same issue as the soldiers, they have to grow up too quickly. The stress of having to be mature and responsible beyond your years is what has driven a rising number of youth to turn to drugs, such as marijuana, to cover the stress.Marijuana use is becoming more prevalent in society and culture in todays life, su ch like it was during the Vietnam War. The use of marijuana to help alleviate stress was documented by Michael Herr in Illumination Rounds and by B. O. B. In his song Cloud 9. Researchers and experts are documenting a sharp and continuing increase in the use of drugs like marijuana to deal with stress. repayable to the rising number of households with all present parents work, there is little that can be done to help curtail the rising number of teens turning to drugs. rectify and more readily and out of danger.Educating the youth on the negative effects drugs can have on the odd is another way to prevent kids from turning to drugs as a stress reliever. The biggest impact, however, can be made if entertainers and people kids look up to do not glorify the use of drugs. In Hip-Hop, the most prevalent music among inner-city neighborhoods with at risk youth, the use of drugs is promoted and talked about as if it is a normal and acceptable way to deal with stress. If a culture could be created where the people kids look up to do not promote drugs, the next generation may be able to avoid the feeling that drugs are the only way to deal with stress.

Case Study/Research Paper of Mergers Icici and Icici Bank

- case study - conjugation DEAl - icici with icici bank conjugation For Mergers and Acquisitions in the BANKING SECTOR AAKANKSHA KUMAR * executive director SUMMARY ICICI- Industrial Credit and Investment potbelly of India Limited (ICICI) was founded by the World beach, the Government of India and representatives of private industry on 5 January, 1995. The objective was to push and assist industrial development and investment in India. Over the years, ICICI has evolved into a diversified fiscal institution.ICICIs principal pipeline activities include project finance, inventoryament finance, corporate finance, securitization, leasing, deferred credit, consultancy services and custodial services. It has fit(p) up specialised subsidiaries in the areas of commercial banking, investment banking, non banking finance, investor servicing broking, venture capital finance and state take infrastructure support from where the root word draws its strength. ICICI BANK- ICICI till was se t up by the ICICI group as a commercial banking outfit on 5 January, 1994 and genuine its banking license from the run batted in on 17 May, 1994.The commencement branch of ICICI Bank was started in Chennai in June 1994 and by 31 March, 1999 and before the coalition it had 64 branches across the country. From the beginning the branches were fully computerised with state-of-the-art technology and systems and ne twainrked through with(predicate) VSAT technology. It offered a wide spectrum of domestic and international banking services to facilitate trade, investment, cross-border business and treasury and foreign replacement services. This is in addition to a whole string of deposit services offered to individuals and corporate bodies.ICICI Banks Infinity was the first Internet banking service in the country. Currently the Bank has around 350000 customers. * ABOUT THE amalgamation After consid sequencetion of various corporate structuring alternatives in the context of the emerg ing competitive scenario in the Indian banking Industry, and the move towards universal banking, the managements of ICICI and ICICI Bank decided to go for the coalition of ICICI with ICICI Bank which would be beneficial for both entities and would create the optimal legal structure for the ICICI groups universal banking strategy.In October 2001, the Board of Directors of ICICI and ICICI Bank wonderd the merger of ICICI and two of its wholly-owned retail finance subsidiaries, ICICI Personal Financial serve Limited and ICICI Capital Services Limited, with ICICI Bank. The merger was approved by divisionholders of ICICI and ICICI Bank in January 2002,by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmadabad in March 2002, and by the High Court of Judicature at Mumbai and the Reserve Bank of India in April 2002.ICICI Limited unify with ICICI Bank Limited on 30 March 2002, with the trade wind ratio of 2 ICICI parcels for 1 deal of ICICI Bank Limited. With this merger, the second volumedst Bank in India was born. RBI had given approval for the reverse merger of ICICI Ltd. with its banking arm ICICI Bank. ICICI Bank with Rs. 1 lakh crore asset mingy bank is second provided to State Bank of India, which is well over Rs. 3 lakh crore in size. RBI also cleared the merger of two ICICI subsidiaries. FOR ICICI THE MERGER MEANT- 1. Increasing the speed in financing long-term projects 2.Obtaining access to cheaper currency for lending 3. Increasing its appeal to investors for raising capital base requisite to write off bad loans 4. Competing more than efficaciously in the retail finance market dominated by banks FOR ICICI BANK THE MERGER MEANT- 1. Expanding geographically 2. Utilising intumescent capital base of ICICI 3. Gaining brand equity from the satisfying brand of ICICI 4. Deriving benefits from ICICIs well established corporate relationship * CONDITIONS LAID DOWN BY THE RBI BEFORE GIVING THE APPROVAL FOR THE MERGER (i) Compliance with Reserve Requirements The ICICI B ank Ltd. ould fall out with the Cash Reserve Requirements (under slit 42 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934) and Statutory Liquidity Reserve Requirements (under subdivision 24 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949) as applicable to banks on the net demand and time liabilities of the bank, inclusive of the liabilities pertaining to ICICI Ltd. from the date of merger (ii) Appointment of Directors The bank should ensure compliance with Section 20 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, concerning granting of loans to the companies in which directors of such companies are also directors. iii) Conditions relating to Swap Ratio As the proposed merger is between a banking company and a financial institution, all matters connected with shareholding including the swap ratio, provide be governed by the provisions of Companies Act, 1956, as provided (iv) Subsidiaries While taking over the subsidiaries of ICICI Ltd. after merger, the bank should ensure that the activities of the subsidiarie s comply with the requirements of permissible activities to be undertaken by a bank under Section 6 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and Section 19 (1) of the Act ibid. v) Preference Share Capital Section 12 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 requires that capital of a banking company shall consist of ordinary shares only (except preference share issued before 1944). * BENEFITS OF MERGER by means of the merger, ICICI Bank became Indias 1st universal bank that is, one-stop shop financial services in India and acquired large market share of retail banking and offered a neck range of banking products. 1. Optimum utilisation of world capital 2.better ability to further diversity asset portfolio and business revenues 3. Reduced costs of funds 4. Availability of more float money due to active participation in the payment system 5. Diversified fund raising due to access to retail funds 6. Leveraged the ICICIs capital and client base in terms of increase in fee income 7. Improved pro fitability by leveraging technology and small(a) cost structure 8. Access to ICICI groups talent pool and thereby development of human resource at lower costs. * PROBLEMS FACED . The jeopardize of failure to obtain government and other approvals of the merger as per planned. 2. The risk of failure of the High Courts of Mumbai and Gujarat to approve the scheme of Amalgamation. 3. The risk of business which may not be integrated as smooth as planned. 4. Merger of ICICI Ltd and ICICI bank making it more fractious to maintain relationships with clients, employees and suppliers. 5. The risk of new and changing regulating and unfavourable political support or other developments in Indian and international markets. CONCLUSION The swap ratio was based on the valuations and recommendations of investment bankers. The merger ratio was set as two ICICI shares for every ICICI Bank share that is one equity share of ICICI Bank was swapped for two equity shares of ICICI. The merger brought ope rable strategies both in terms of economies of scale and backcloth. Economies of scale achieved through increase in business volumes at lower operating costs and deployment of latest technology. Economies of scope were achieved through enlarged product range.FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF ICICI AND ICICI BANK AFTER MERGER ICICI Ltd Profit to equity holders change magnitude by 16% 21% increase in Indian GAAP consolidated boodle ICICI BANK There was always an increase seen in the profits after the merger The merger took place in 2002 and its 2013 now the merger has successfully completed 11 years which shows that the merger created a strong entity, which will redefine banking in the highly competitive era of globalisation and liberalisation. BIBLIOGRAPHY * www. google. com * www. economictimes. comCase Study/Research Paper of Mergers Icici and Icici Bank- case study - MERGER DEAl - icici with icici bank merger For Mergers and Acquisitions in the BANKING SECTOR AAKANKSHA KUMAR * EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ICICI- Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Limited (ICICI) was founded by the World Bank, the Government of India and representatives of private industry on 5 January, 1995. The objective was to encourage and assist industrial development and investment in India. Over the years, ICICI has evolved into a diversified financial institution.ICICIs principal business activities include project finance, infrastructure finance, corporate finance, securitization, leasing, deferred credit, consultancy services and custodial services. It has set up specialised subsidiaries in the areas of commercial banking, investment banking, non banking finance, investor servicing broking, venture capital finance and state level infrastructure financing from where the group draws its strength. ICICI BANK- ICICI Bank was set up by the ICICI group as a commercial banking outfit on 5 January, 1994 and received its banking license from the RBI on 17 May, 1994.The first branch of ICIC I Bank was started in Chennai in June 1994 and by 31 March, 1999 and before the merger it had 64 branches across the country. From the beginning the branches were fully computerised with state-of-the-art technology and systems and networked through VSAT technology. It offered a wide spectrum of domestic and international banking services to facilitate trade, investment, cross-border business and treasury and foreign exchange services. This is in addition to a whole range of deposit services offered to individuals and corporate bodies.ICICI Banks Infinity was the first Internet banking service in the country. Currently the Bank has around 350000 customers. * ABOUT THE MERGER After consideration of various corporate structuring alternatives in the context of the emerging competitive scenario in the Indian banking Industry, and the move towards universal banking, the managements of ICICI and ICICI Bank decided to go for the merger of ICICI with ICICI Bank which would be beneficial for both entities and would create the optimal legal structure for the ICICI groups universal banking strategy.In October 2001, the Board of Directors of ICICI and ICICI Bank approved the merger of ICICI and two of its wholly-owned retail finance subsidiaries, ICICI Personal Financial Services Limited and ICICI Capital Services Limited, with ICICI Bank. The merger was approved by shareholders of ICICI and ICICI Bank in January 2002,by the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmadabad in March 2002, and by the High Court of Judicature at Mumbai and the Reserve Bank of India in April 2002.ICICI Limited merged with ICICI Bank Limited on 30 March 2002, with the swap ratio of 2 ICICI Shares for 1 share of ICICI Bank Limited. With this merger, the second largest Bank in India was born. RBI had given approval for the reverse merger of ICICI Ltd. with its banking arm ICICI Bank. ICICI Bank with Rs. 1 lakh crore asset base bank is second only to State Bank of India, which is well over Rs. 3 lakh crore in s ize. RBI also cleared the merger of two ICICI subsidiaries. FOR ICICI THE MERGER MEANT- 1. Increasing the speed in financing long-term projects 2.Obtaining access to cheaper funds for lending 3. Increasing its appeal to investors for raising capital base needed to write off bad loans 4. Competing more effectively in the retail finance market dominated by banks FOR ICICI BANK THE MERGER MEANT- 1. Expanding geographically 2. Utilising large capital base of ICICI 3. Gaining brand equity from the strong brand of ICICI 4. Deriving benefits from ICICIs well established corporate relationship * CONDITIONS LAID DOWN BY THE RBI BEFORE GIVING THE APPROVAL FOR THE MERGER (i) Compliance with Reserve Requirements The ICICI Bank Ltd. ould comply with the Cash Reserve Requirements (under Section 42 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934) and Statutory Liquidity Reserve Requirements (under Section 24 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949) as applicable to banks on the net demand and time liabilities of the bank, inclusive of the liabilities pertaining to ICICI Ltd. from the date of merger (ii) Appointment of Directors The bank should ensure compliance with Section 20 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, concerning granting of loans to the companies in which directors of such companies are also directors. iii) Conditions relating to Swap Ratio As the proposed merger is between a banking company and a financial institution, all matters connected with shareholding including the swap ratio, will be governed by the provisions of Companies Act, 1956, as provided (iv) Subsidiaries While taking over the subsidiaries of ICICI Ltd. after merger, the bank should ensure that the activities of the subsidiaries comply with the requirements of permissible activities to be undertaken by a bank under Section 6 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and Section 19 (1) of the Act ibid. v) Preference Share Capital Section 12 of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 requires that capital of a banking compa ny shall consist of ordinary shares only (except preference share issued before 1944). * BENEFITS OF MERGER Through the merger, ICICI Bank became Indias 1st universal bank that is, one-stop shop financial services in India and acquired large market share of retail banking and offered a complete range of banking products. 1. Optimum utilisation of human capital 2.Improved ability to further diversity asset portfolio and business revenues 3. Reduced costs of funds 4. Availability of more float money due to active participation in the payment system 5. Diversified fund raising due to access to retail funds 6. Leveraged the ICICIs capital and client base in terms of increase in fee income 7. Improved profitability by leveraging technology and low cost structure 8. Access to ICICI groups talent pool and thereby development of human resource at lower costs. * PROBLEMS FACED . The risk of failure to obtain government and other approvals of the merger as per planned. 2. The risk of failure of the High Courts of Mumbai and Gujarat to approve the scheme of Amalgamation. 3. The risk of business which may not be integrated as smooth as planned. 4. Merger of ICICI Ltd and ICICI bank making it more difficult to maintain relationships with clients, employees and suppliers. 5. The risk of new and changing regulation and unfavourable political support or other developments in Indian and international markets. CONCLUSION The swap ratio was based on the valuations and recommendations of investment bankers. The merger ratio was set as two ICICI shares for every ICICI Bank share that is one equity share of ICICI Bank was swapped for two equity shares of ICICI. The merger brought operational strategies both in terms of economies of scale and scope. Economies of scale achieved through increase in business volumes at lower operating costs and deployment of latest technology. Economies of scope were achieved through enlarged product range.FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF ICICI AND ICICI BANK AFTER MERGER ICICI Ltd Profit to equity holders increased by 16% 21% increase in Indian GAAP consolidated profits ICICI BANK There was always an increase seen in the profits after the merger The merger took place in 2002 and its 2013 now the merger has successfully completed 11 years which shows that the merger created a strong entity, which will redefine banking in the highly competitive era of globalisation and liberalisation. BIBLIOGRAPHY * www. google. com * www. economictimes. com

Bangladeshi Film Industry Essay

Dhallywood, which is a nickname commonly used for film industry in Bangladesh, has had quite an advantage since 1971 as far as veneer competition is concerned, but is most probably about to lose it for good. When it was separated from Pakistan, they established a law to protect their film production by excluding and prohibiting Indian films. But this non-competitive situation led to a disastrous state of the industry. They did not innovate nor care about and use new technologies and had fallen into the state of disregard. As a result of lesser films produced every year (ten years ago it was about 100, nowa geezerhood it is only sixty and the prognosis are that it will lack even lower), many halls and cinemas have been closed and/or transformed into stores.On one hand film-makers strongly disagree with cancelling the prohibition of Indian films, but on the other hand there are the owners of cinemas who would welcome and appretiate the opportunity to broadcast other films as that wou ld boast their income. General impression is that the current state of film-making industry here is not viable and needs to be revamped. Which could happen by means of cooperating with foreign experts and this way learning and improving ones skills, as a Bangladeshi director, Ms Hossain, suggests. All in all, it seems that Bangladeshi original films will not be able to satisfy the demand which is in these days quite extensive and aimed at good-quality products and thus be forced to accept the competition very soon.

Fantasy’s Inability to Overcome Reality Essay

Although Williamss protagonist in A Streetcar Named Desire is the romantic Blanche DuBois, the play is a work of social realism. Blanche explains to Mitch that she fibs because she refuses to pass judgment the hand fate has dealt her. Lying to herself and to others allows her to make life appear as it should be rather than as it is. Stanley, a practical man firmly grounded in the physical world, disdains Blanches fabrications and does everything he can to unravel them. The antagonistic relationship between Blanche and Stanley is a struggle between appearances and reality.It propels the plays plot and creates an overarching tension. Ultimately, Blanches attempts to remake her own and Stellas existences? to rejuvenate her life and to save Stella from a life with Stanley? fail. One of the main ways Williams dramatizes fantasys inability to overhaul reality is through an exploration of the boundary between exterior and interior. The instal of the play consists of the two-room Kowalski apartment and the surrounding street. Williamss use of a flexible set that allows the street to be seen at the same time as the interior of the home expresses the notion that the home is not a domestic sanctuary.The Kowalskis apartment cannot be a self-defined world that is impermeable to greater reality. The characters leave and enter the apartment throughout the play, often bringing with them the problems they encounter in the larger environment. For example, Blanche refuses to leave her prejudices against the working class behind her at the door. The most notable instance of this effect occurs just before Stanley rapes Blanche, when the back wall of the apartment becomes transparent to show the struggles occurring on the street, foreshadowing the violation that is about to take place in the Kowalskis home.Though reality triumphs over fantasy in A Streetcar Named Desire, Williams suggests that fantasy is an outstanding and useful tool. At the end of the play, Blanches retreat i nto her own private fantasies enables her to partially shield herself from realitys harsh blows. Blanches insanity emerges as she retreats fully into herself, leaving the objective world behind in order to avoid accepting reality. In order to escape fully, however, Blanche must come to grasp the exterior world as that which she imagines in her head.Thus, objective reality is not an antidote to Blanches fantasy world rather, Blanche adapts the exterior world to fit her delusions. In both the physical and the psychological realms, the boundary between fantasy and reality is permeable. Blanches final, deluded happiness suggests that, to some extent, fantasy is a vital force at play in every individuals experience, despite realitys inevitable triumph.

Soils: The Unseen Earth that Nurtures Society

Dirts or the unobserved Earth that Nurtures Society1. The Sumerians atomic number 18 considered the inventors of agriculture where they practiced intensifier, year- close to agriculture. Intensive agriculture allowed unmanaged dumps to confer foods to workss in sums that related to the soils alimentary supply capacity. It produced large-scale cultivations of landed e bow where they besides practiced monocropping and nonionic irrigation. Mechanization and chemical fertilisers and pesticides argon different factors to assist increase outputs in achievement.Intensive agribusiness allowed archeozoic civilisations to populate frequently sustainable leads. It allowed unmanaged dirts to supply foods to workss in sums related to the soils alimentary supply capacity. It besides aided in feeding larger tribes from a smaller land base collect to luxuriouslyer harvest outputs. A little labour king was needed in agribusiness on with needing to be mechanized. referable to this , the economical sciences improved when it was focused around a big, centralized production system. Because of intensive agribusiness, the Sumerians were able to make a excess of storable nutritious that enabled the population to settle in wholeness topographical point, farther leting an accretion of extra merchandise. It flourished because they were able to specialise their labour force in the ways of agribusiness therefore taking to a greater population denseness. With a bendinging population, an addition in production was able to go on because intensive agriculture allowed higher harvest outputs to be produced from smaller land bases.The Sumerians finally over exploited their cedar woods in order to back up the creative activity of their metropolis, Ur, during the Bronze Age. They created log transit in the rivers, which increased the salinization. Salinization is the 2nd largest cause of dirt debasement and due to salinization there was a progressive diminution in harvest outputs. Finally, this so led to the autumn of the Sumerians.Forests and gentleman beings Survival10. The tundra is the least disturbed biome proved by its statistic of being disturbed by about.3 % by worlds. It proves to be a hard expanse to populate in because of its cold temperature and limited tree growing. Well-established workss cornerstone non further nearly here because deep root systems argon impossible to organize due to the bed of permafrost. Permafrost is the chief tyrannical factor as to why such small flora grows at bottom this biome. The tundra contains blunt landscapes and dirt that is stock-still for most of the twelvemonth. It is besides characterized by bare and bouldery land, doing trees hard to turn. All of the flora that is able to turn here are adapted to high air currents that invariably disturb the dirt. Plants are short and pot together to defy the cold temperatures and are protected by the snow during the winter. Although workss are frequently e vanescent and little here, they can transport out photosynthesis at low temperatures and low visible radiation strengths. The tour seasons are short and only when last between 50-60 yearss. Most workss reproduce by budding and fraction instead than by blooming. Turning big harvests would be hard wi thin out the tundra because of the tundras utmost mood. kitchen-gardening is an of import portion to a act civilisation and due to the tundras highly cold clime and unsustainable resources, it makes establishment hard.The tundra besides experiences small precipitation during the twelvemonth doing the clime seem desert-like. During the summer, the top bed of dirt thaws doing the land free and boggy. Besides, the bed of permafrost does non run excessively far below the surface hence, making lakes and fens on the surface. An unstable land does non back up lasting residences. Dead organic stuff serves as a kickoff of foods, therefore supplying P and N.Biodiversity is low within the tund ra while besides incorporating low population Numberss of the brisk beings that do live here. The big mammals frequently migrate or hibernate so nutrient beginnings are non wholly consistent. During the long winters, mammals that hibernate would turn out to supply a nutrient deficit to dwellers that tried to populate here. Because a persons chief beginning for meat migrates, this would coerce the domicile to go mobile as good unless like the Laplanders that lived in this part. Seal meat is an option, scarcely it does non make a balanced diet. Humans would hold to look to kelp or other workss for farther nutrition. callable to these grounds, the tundra proves to be more of an utmost environment that makes it difficult for human endurance.Ecological Const fallts in Torrid zones1. tropic woods are located between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn and are characterized by the mean air temperature being above 75 grades Fahrenheit. Almost all tropic woods dwell near th e equator. Tropical woods are besides actually damp and can be appal if they receive well slight sums of rainfall. These woods are known to incorporate high biodiversity, hapless(prenominal) dirts and workss that are toxic due to their defensive chemicals. Although tropical woods contain high biodiversity in workss and animate beings, they do non incorporate high Numberss in microbic biodiversity. Worlds are besides found to hold short spiritedness spans in these parts due to their exposure to disease. Yet, worlds are still able to pull out many resources from tropical woods that prove to be helpful in mundane stuffs. Latexes, resins, and medical specialties are usual resources extracted from the woods every eccentric person good as fibre, tannic acids and cork. Latexes that exist within bark are used as the trees manner of defence against marauding insects. It is besides used in the production of masticating gum and some electrical insulating compounds. About a one-fourth of all the medical specialties batch use comes from rainforest workss. The tubocurarine is a works that comes from a tropical vine that is known for its toxicant that can paralyse. Worlds gather in been able to pull out this plants toxicant in order to hold for runing. It is besides known to be used in surgeries as a musculus relaxant and anaesthetic. Quinine, from the Peruvian bark tree, is used to handle malaria. It is estimated that about 1,400 mixed bags of tropical workss are exploited medically and thought to be possible remedies for malignant neoplastic disease.Tropical woods house about fractional of the worlds works and animate being species yet merely cover approximately 6 % of the Earths land surface. round features of animate beings found in the wood are distinguishable forms with bright colourss, garish voices, and diets heavy on fruits. Insects make up the largest population of animate beings that live in the tropical woods. They take brilliantly coloured only if terflies, mosquitoes, stick insects, and immense settlements of emmets. The Amazon river basin rain forest contains a wider assortment of works and carnal life than any other biome in the universe.Over 80 % of people live along the Amazon river and grow harvests in these countries. The river provides all human endurance demands such as body of water for imbibing, bathing, rinsing and withal their bathroom. Folktales such as the Pink Dolphin is popular amongst the people who live by the Amazon river that says Botos, or the Pink Dolphins, turn into fine-looking work forces and come onto shore to infuse full-grown females in order to explicate why the pregnant adult female has no hubby. The Amazon rivers H2O degrees rise approximately one time a twelvemonth to every bit oft clock as 24 pess. The people populating on the Amazons shore have adapted by constructing their house on piles in order to suit to the lifting H2O degrees. The implosion therapy of the river helps to scatter see ds and go around different species of fish. Large fish frequently acquire stranded in lakes when the H2O recedes and communities have larn to pull off these lakes as a beginning of nutrient. some of the big fish that acquire caught is the Pirarucu. It is the largest pertly H2O fish in the universe that can make lengths of 15 pess. It has shrunk in size from the last(prenominal) due to take complicate food degrees. The dwellers that live along the Amazon river are in the riparian zone, which is the country right following to the river. It contains the most productive dirts and is dependent on river implosion therapy for cycling. The Riparian zone contrasts with non torrent field dirts because they contain high Numberss in clay and high Numberss in toxic elements as good.The trees within tropical woods prove to be alone every bit good. Their huge tallness and square short pantss characterize many trees. Their short pantss do non ramify out for 100 pess or more because subdivisi ons are non able to last below the cover where there is small sunlight. A bulk of the trees have runny and thin bark because of the warm temperatures, there is no demand to protect themselves from H2O deviation or freezing temperatures. Their smooth bark makes them resistant to air plants and works parasites to attach themselves to their short pantss. The trees physically look instead similar and can merely be characterized by their budding flowers.A tropical wood contains beds which are identified as the emergent, hurrying canopy, understory and forest floor.Emergent trees are characterized by being disjointed widely apart with umbrella-shaped canopies that grow above the forest. They tend to hold little, pointed foliages because of their exposure to dry air currents. Some species of emergent trees lose their foliages during the brief dry season in monsoon rain forests. These elephantine trees have straight, smooth short pantss with few subdivisions. Their root system is reall y modify, so in order to back up their size they grow buttresses that can distribute out to a distance of 30 pess. These buttresses relieve force per unit area and weight to the outer subdivisions.The upper canopy of 60 to 130 pes trees is the most open to sunlight. Due to this, it causes big sums of shadiness to the beds below it. Most of the rain forest s animate beings live in the upper canopy. The readily available nutrient beginnings lay within the upper canopy so animate beings barely have to travel down to the forest floor. The sloth, an animate being that lives in the upper canopy, merely makes it manner down to the forest floor one time a hebdomad as a bathroom trip. The foliages in the upper canopy contain trickle spouts that allow rain to run off. This helps keeps the foliages dry and prevents cast and mold from organizing in this humid environment.The following bed is the understory. The trees that live in this bed are around 60 pess tall. The understory is usually plac e to the short pantss of trees, bushs, little trees and other workss. The humidness found at this degree is really high due to small air social movement. Because the upper canopy creates a batch of shadiness to the beds below, this degree receives really small sunshine and is invariably in the shadiness. Due to this, it is hard for big flora to turn here.The forest floor is usually wholly shaded. On the floor, few shrubs or workss grow here because of the deficiency of sunshine. Studies show that approximately less than 1 % of the sunshine that hits the upper canopy reaches the forest floor. Small flora grows here because the top bed of dirt is really thin and hapless in foods. Debris falls from the upper canopies onto the floor that serves as foods for decomposers such as worms, Fungis and other decomposers. At the forest floor, the humidness is really high due to even less air motion but it besides helps to interrupt down dust on the forest floor. The trees shallow roots besides absorb the organic affair from the dust.The air beneath the lower canopy is really humid due to miss of air motion and the upper canopy barricading the suns rays. The trees go past off H2O through pores in their bole through a procedure of transpiration which accounts for about half of the forests precipitation. Due to the forests high precipitation rate, workss have adapted foliages that shed H2O reasonably rapidly so they are non weighed down by the H2O and interruption. Besides, in order to absorb every bit much sunshine as possible, the foliages are wide and really big in the understory. Some trees are even found to hold chaffs that turn with the motion of the Sun in order to absorb every bit much sunshine as possible. In contrast with the lower degrees of the forest, in the upper canopies, where the foliages are receptive to much of the sunshine, they have adapted to be little and dark in order to cut down H2O loss.Dominant species do non be in tropical rain forests. This bio diversity and separation of the species enables them to be less vulnerable to mass taint and prevent die-off from disease or insect infestation. Animals depend on the turning seasons of the blooming and fruiting of rain forest workss in order to provide them with a year-around beginning of nutrient.Forest and Human Development Index1. The Human Development Index measured a countrys suppuration by uniting indexs of life anticipation, educational attainment and income into a composite gentleman development index. The Human Development Index created a frame for both societal and economic development. The HDI sets a lower limit and a maximal for each dimension, called goalposts, and so shows where each state stands in intercourse to these goalposts, expressed as a value between 0 and 1. A high HDI addition human readiness to accommodate to alter and increase human resilience. High HDI states are by and large particular(a) on instruction, wealth and their economic system. They norma lly exist within medium climates instead than extreme climes because they are excessively difficult to populate in. Norway was voted 1 in HDI, or the best topographic point to populate. 37 % of its woods cover faultless land country. Hong Kong was voted 21 in HDI with a 17 % wood screen. The fall in States was voted 12 in HDI and had 28 % wood screen. The wood to set down distribution within the unify States is equal to its distribution globally whereas land used for nutrient production is more than two times higher than what it is globaly. By and large, states with a high HDI have nice per centum in wood covering their entire land country yet high HDI have lower forest screen than average HDIs. Some myths include that high populations correlate to unsustainable picks made by its population yet it is non population denseness that determines this, but picks. A sustainability myth such as high population densenesss equates to unsustainable picks states that states with high popu lations are more plausibly overexploit their resources. This is non needfully true because the myth fails to admit that it is instead the picks a society makes on how it consumes its resources. States with high development rankings have differing population densenesss that dont correlate to their sustainability patterns. Netherlands has one of the highest population densenesss with 393 n/km2while Sweden merely has 20 n/km2. Yet both are ranked high in development. Surveies show that less labour in agribusiness or forestry or the more labour in service industries produces a higher HDI rank.In order to expose traditional ways of judging how good a state is making, the Human Development Index efforts to make a simple composite step of human development in order to convert the populace, faculty members, and policy-makers that they can and should measure development non merely by economic progresss but besides betterments in human wellbeing. Other histories that were believed to be take n into consideration when finding a countrys wellbeing is by analysing the other capablenesss cardinal to a fulfilling life that include the ability to take part in the determinations that affect ones life, to hold control over ones life environment, to bask freedom from force, to hold others regard, and to loosen up and merely hold merriment.Health, instruction and income are the chief three make up ones minding factors to a countrys HDI because they are universally valued around the universe and mensurable indexs. Health proves to be one of the most of import indexs people possess to be alive. Peoples are concerned with holding to avoid premature guide by disease or hurt and to populate in a healthy environment, to keep a healthy life style, and to achieve the highest possible criterion of physical and mental wellness. Education is indispensable in order to make single freedom, self-government, and autonomy. Income is indispensable to run intoing basic demands like nutrient and s helter. Importantly, income straight or indirectly ties the other cardinal factors together such as a nice instruction safe, lily-white life and individualisation.Plants CitedMichael G. Tropical Rainforest. 2001. Web hypertext transfer protocol //www.blueplanetbiomes.org/rainforest.htmThe Tundra Biome . Web hypertext transfer protocol //www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/tundra.html unify Nations Development Programme. Human Development Reports Human Development Index. Web hypertext transfer protocol //hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi broadside of America Human Development. 2014. Web hypertext transfer protocol //www.measureofamerica.org/human-development/

Describe the position of black people in the USA in 1945 Essay

Blacks in the the States in 1945 were not considered as equal the treatment of people was base on their skin colour, a practice that had been acquittance on for many years before, even afterwards the Reconstruction of society after the Civil War in which the denses were liberated from slavery. In theory, blacks were giving to work and live where they wanted, only when the figures at the time told a different story by 1960, around 17% of the work agitate of white-collar workers, i. e. professional, technical, administration, etc., were blacks, succession the whites remained the majority at 47%.The blue-collar work, such(prenominal) as craftsmen, manual labourers, etc. jobs that atomic number 18 famous for needing less skill and information had 40% of the workforce as blacks, and 36% were whites. Blacks just werent provided the education and qualifications to do the professional types of work due to separation of black and white facilities. Not only were they held back off at tieting the higher-class jobs, they were paid less for the same work that whites did in 1950, blacks earned about 53% of a whites wage.This figure remained the same over the next 20 years, with it rising 11% to blacks earning 64% of a whites wage. All over the the States, blacks were discriminated once against in almost all areas of life, whether it is the law of the state, or just by the exercise of the local society. After the abolishment of slavery, slaves had the choice of moving away from their former homes and having their own lives unfortunately, many blacks didnt puzzle any money to move halfway across the USA to the northern states that had fought to free them.Those who did hold in the finance to travel rarely had enough money afterwards to sustain a good type of life after they had moved. The custom of de facto came into play in some of the Northern states ghettos and places where the majority of the population were black sprung up in towns and cities. Segregatio n by custom in the North was contrasted with requisition by law, or de jure, in the atomic number 16- Jim rejoice laws forbade blacks, for example, to enter white facilities, or sit on buses with whites, etc.Places where de facto was in force came up with other ways to separate blacks from whites to keep the Southern order of things red lining was when banks were not allowed to give money for mortgages if they suspected it would be a risky investment- if a black family moved into a certain area, it would lower the prices of the surrounding houses. This meant that places such as ghettos were built up, when the majority of the population were black.This type of segregation wasnt by law, besides by custom, blacks werent forced to live in black areas, only if they matte up pressured to live in certain places be coif of the practises such as red lining in effect. Although it is in the Constitution that everyone is equal and has the same civil rights, it is beliefs like red lining t hat push a crampfish between races it may not seem constitutional, exactly it is up to the dogmatic Court in the USA to decide what is constitutional.They decided that slavery was lawful mainly due the fact that the Southern states economy was based on slavery they were needed to produce cotton, the main export in the 19th century. Without them, the economy would have fallen apart. After the 13th amendment to the Constitution, slavery was no longer legal, but the Supreme Court bland remained to overlook state laws that continued secretion and practices that could be seen as worse thus slavery- for example, the Ku Klux Klan were allowed to terrorise and lynch blacks, yet lynching was not made illegal.The Supreme Court declared that the 14th amendment forbids states, but not citizens, from bully (1) Separate facilities for blacks and whites were considered as the solution to the discrimination some(prenominal)er the Supreme Court believed that the blacks were separate but equ al when they were forced to use different buildings, transport, schools and hospitals then the whites.Since the Supreme Court approved laws and could declare them unconstitutional if they wanted to, they were the ones who the blacks has to convince if they wanted to change anything in legal cases, the trial had to be taken to the Supreme Court to have any impact, since the State Courts were always going to be in favour of the Jim Crow laws. The Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) case was when Homer Plessy refused to sit in the coloured car of a train and sat in the white section instead. The case went to Supreme Court, and they ruled that Plessy was guilty and sentenced him to pay a fine or go to jail.This was considered the most shameful ruling of the Supreme Court in history it shows the extent of the discrimination against blacks, even after slavery was abolished- even though Plessy was 1/8 black and 7/8 white, he was simmer down considered as black in the eyes of the Louisiana law. Alt hough many people legal opinion that this ruling was shocking, there wasnt much that could be done, since they did not have a definite loss leader to show them what the do everything that the movement did was relatively unorganised, with maybe one person leading the others.People such as Martin Luther King junior and Booker T. Washington tried to unite blacks under one leadinghip, but it did not work, because everyone has different opinion on what should be done about the discrimination problem. Dr Martin King Jr. was a black leader that advocated peaceful resistance because of this, many whites accepted him because they knew that he would not cause violence, but blacks did not like this as peaceful protest could only take them so far- they felt that King was weaker then some of the other extremist black leaders, such as Malcolm X.Kings approach to bear oning against their oppression wasnt enough to keep the blacks following him they preferred people who were unstrained to do more for the benefit of all blacks. Another leader who was thought as weak by fellow blacks was Booker T. Washington he was accused of being an accommodationist to the whites, as he wasnt bell ringing for equal civil rights, he was concentrating on equal job opportunities- this wasnt what the blacks were fighting for they wanted to be free to do what the whites could do, not only in jobs but in other aspects of life too.The leaders of the movement were not united, therefore they were not strong- many leaders were critical of others, for example, W. E. B DuBois criticised Washington, saying that blacks cannot get amicable equality if they do not get political equality first. The New Deal is a phrase used to explain the actions taken after Black Tuesday when the US Stock market crashed to develop the effects of the Depression disturbing the lives of the public.Laws were passed to help stop the consequences of the Depression becoming a long-term problem within the first hundred days , President Roosevelt passed a law that lowered workers salaries and pensions by up to 15%- a move that people did not like, yet it saved a messiness of money for the government. Another act was passed that stated that the government could inspect banks before letting them open again so they could see if the bank was eligible to bring and hold money.This prevented banks lending out money that they did not have, therefore they did not losing money for their customers and wouldnt have to close, as they would have to have done if they did lend out money they didnt have. The New Deal was produced so the government could help all of those that were modify by the Depression this helped the blacks because they were some of the poorest people in the USA at the time, and as many as 8% of blacks were unemployed in 1955.For the blacks, the New Deal slightly improved their way of living as it was designed to help everyone without discrimination. Soon after New Deal was set up, the situation for blacks was improved socially by the outbreak of the Second World War. When the Americans were brought into the war, they needed as many men as they could to fight blacks had regiments where they could join and be equal to whites, but they still were not allowed to belong to the same regiment as the whites- there were some who did, but they were rare, they normally belonged to an all-black regiment.At the end of the war, the blacks got more ambitious they were allowed to fight for their country, but America wasnt even grateful enough of them to let them be equal. This would have enraged African Americans since they had fought so hard to be a part of America, so the Civil Rights movement activity increased, which format pressure on the government to do something.The Nazi ideology also pushed the government into action, because what the Americans were doing to the blacks could be compared to the Germans discriminating against the Jews in Germany the blacks realised this, so demand ed equality, as they didnt want the same to happen to them. In conclusion, the order of blacks in 1945 was not equal to whites even after a century of supposed freedom from slavery, blacks were still treated as inferiors to whites. Laws and acts were in effect that encouraged the discrimination of blacks.Amendments such as the rights for blacks to vote and the rights for them to be equal were passed, but there were so many other laws that cancelled them out. Jim Crow laws in the South and practises such as red lining in the North made it impossible for blacks to be seen as equal politically, whilst rebellions by extremist whites and groups such as the Ku Klux Klan stopped blacks gaining any social standing or equality.Blacks were supposed to be equal, but by 1945, some may comment that the position of them was worse then slavery, as the blacks were on their own in there poverty and discrimination before, they had their slave owners who would clothe and hand them to keep productive workers- they would never be out on the streets as slaves, but as free people, they received basically no help.Things that whites took for granted, such as clean and good-quality facilities, and jobs that are fair and just are things that blacks counted themselves lucky if they managed to get any equality. People like Martin Luther King Jr. and W. E. B. DuBois tried to get equality, both through violence and peaceful means, but it didnt have much effect to the political and social standing of blacks.The discrimination of blacks continued right into the 20th century, even up into the 21st century. It was slow going for the blacks right to equality, but actions by both blacks and whites changed things for the better. However, in 1945, blacks were not considered as equal, but as 3/5s of a human being. Bibliography (1) http//www. alternativeinsight. com/Reparations-Slavery. html Field, Ron Civil Rights in America 1865-1980 Cambridge University Press http//www. lawbuzz. com/can_you/ples sy/plessy. htm http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/New_Deal.

Role of Commercial Banks in Development

Role of mercantile jargons in reading. INTRODUCTION A mercenary commit is slightlything with which each whiz of us is well known. However several(predicate) depository financial institutioners and economists consecrate defined it in a different way According to Kent An organization whose principal operations atomic number 18 concerned with the accumulation of the temporarily idle currency of the general cosmos for the procedure of go to others for expenditure. According to Banking Companies Ordinance 1962 Banking office the accepting for the purpose of lending or investing of deposits of money from the public repayable in demand or otherwise and withdraw-able by cheque, draft order or otherwise. unhomogeneous economists have different views just about the role of commercial banks in stinting development. Schumpeter says,It is the banking system which serves as a key agent along with the entrepreneur in the process of stinting development. According toProf. Camero nin his Banking and Economic Development, a banking system may make a positive ploughshare to frugalal issue and development. Evolution of Commercial Banks The foundation for building a broad base of agricultural realization structure was laid by the Report of the All-India Rural Credit Survey (AIRCS) of 1954. The provision of cultivator character in 1951-52 was less than 1% for commercial banks. In the report it was observed that agricultural credit pelt pithy of the right quantity, was non of the right type, did non fit the right purpose and often fai direct to go to the right people.With a view to give an impetus to commercial banks, in particular, in the sphere of investment credit, the nationalization of the Imperial Bank of India and its re-designation as the State Bank of India (SBI) was recommended. Growth in Outreach 1951-91 From the position prevalent in 1951-52, commercial banks came a long way with a solid spread of 32,224 branches in hobnailed and semi-ur ban argonas comprising 68% of their total outlets as on 31 m sluehland 1991. The outstanding deposits of such branches at Rs. 7,855 crores as on the same date constituted around 35% of their total deposits, while impartwords outstanding at Rs. 43,797 crore comprised 36% of outstanding credit. The agricultural advances of the commercial banking system aggregated Rs. 16,687 crore and constituted 14% of total advances in March 1991. The rural and semi-urban branches of commercial banks covered 17. 6 crore deposit fibs while the number of loan accounts serviced aggregated 3. 7 crore. Growth during 1991-92 to 2003-04 The period since 1991-92 has seen a fairly quick expansion of credit to husbandry.Available data indicate that the give ear of credit to agriculture by commercial banks and RRBs taken together increase to Rs. 60,022 crore in 2003-04. This implies a increase annual harvest rate of 22. 2%. In fact, as compared with commercial banks (including RRBs), the flow of credit f rom the conjunct celestial sphere was much slower through with(predicate) this period. The compounded annual growth rate of credit for agriculture from cooperative institutions was plainly 13. 7%. Further, the proportion of agriculture credit to total credit came down beca physical exercise of the rapid growth in non agriculture credit.The Government took some major initiatives during the period to boost agriculture issue and productivity through enhanced credit flow and by way of building agricultural infrastructure, particularly irrigation and connectivity in rural areas. Special Agricultural Credit Plan (SACP) was introduced by RBI for Public firmament Commercial Banks in 1994-95. Credit growth for agriculture and wholeied sectors under this caption reflected a CAGR of 36. 45% during 2001-02 to 2005-06. SACP has since been extended to Private Sector Commercial Banks from 2005-06.The SHG Bank Linkage Programme was started as a navigate project by NABARD in 1992. It led to the evolution of a set of RBI approved guidelines to banks to enable SHGs to transact with banks. Initially there was slow progress in the programme up to 1999 as only 32,995 groups were credit linked during the period 1992 to 1999. Since then the programme has been growing rapidly and the cumulative number of SHGs financed increased from 4. 61 lakhs on 31 March 2002 to 10. 73 lakhs on 31 March 2004 and further to 29. 25 lakh groups as on 31 March 2007.Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) was set-up in NABARD by GoI during 1995-96 with an initial corpus of Rs. 2000 crore, to accelerate the 47 completion of on-going projects of rural infrastructure. Banks which did not fulfill the priority sector credit requirement and agriculture credit mandate were required to contribute to this Fund. The fund has been strengthened every year with additional allocations in the Union Budget. A large number of irrigation and rural connectivity projects could get effected under RIDF. RBI sca led down its contribution to the Rural Credit funds with NABARD to a token get along of Rs. crore per annum since 1993-94. However to enable NABARD to have reasonably loaded leverage for accessing market funds, the share swell of NABARD was strengthened and increased to Rs. 2000 crore (paid up) from Rs. 100 crore at the duration of its fakeation in 1982. Contributions to enhanced share gravid have come from GoI and RBI. By prudent funds management, the institution has excessively built a strong base of reserves and has been using it in its business operations judiciously to keep lending judge to rural financial institutions at significantly lower than market costs. Developments Post 2003-04Since 2003-04, there has been a substantial increase in the flow of credit to agriculture through commercial banks. Disbursements have increased from Rs. 52,441 crore in 2003-04 to Rs. 1,16,447 crore in 2005-06, reaching an annual growth of 43% each year. As envisaged in the GoIs strateg y for manifold of credit, 95 lakh raw removedmers have been brought under the institutional fold and 1,383 agri-clinics opened. Commercial banks have also played a major role in the promotion of the SHG bank linkage operation with more than 11. 88 lakh groups being linked to banks for provision of credit.Reforms in the commercial banking system imply removal of procedural and transactional bottlenecks including elimination of Service Area Approach, reducing margins, redefining overdues to coincide with crop cycles, new debt restructuring policies, one time settlement and relief measures for farmers indebted to non-institutional sources. Banks play a vital role in the economic development of a region. They accumulate the idle relieves of the people and make them available for investment. They also render new demand deposits in the process of granting loans and purchasing investment ecurities. They facilitate trade both inside and outside the country by accepting and discoun ting of peckerwoods of transfer. Banks also increase the mobility of superior. They give up a variety of facilities for remitting a large amount of money from one assign to another by the transfer of a clear slip of paper. Commercial banks play an essential and active role in the economic development of a country, if the banking system in a country is effective, efficient and disciplined it brings about a rapid growth in the various sectors of the economy. The Functions of Commercial BanksIn the modern world, banks perform such a variety of affairs that it is not likely to make an all-inclusive list of their functions and services. However, some basic functions per create by the banks are discussed below. 1. Accepting depositorys The first main(prenominal) function of a bank is to accept deposits from those who can save but cannot profitably utilize this saving themselves. People consider it more rational to deposit their savings in a bank because by doing so they, on the one hand, earn wager, and on the other, avoid the danger of theft.To attract savings from all sorts of individuals, the banks maintain different types of accounts (i) Fixed Deposit Account Money in these accounts is deposited for fixed period of time (say one, two, or five years) and cannot be hold up before the expiry of that period. The rate of affaire on this account is higher than that on other types of deposits. The longer the period, the higher will be the rate of interest. Fixed deposits arc also called time deposits or time liabilities. (ii) Current Deposit Account These accounts are generally maintained by the traders and businessmen who have to make a number of payments every day.Money from these accounts can be withdrawn in as many times and in as much amount as craved by the depositors. Normally, no interest is paid on these accounts rather, the depositors have to pay veritable incidental charges to the bank for the services rendered by it. Current deposits are als o called demand deposits or demand liabilities. (iii) Saving Deposit Account The aim of these accounts is to sanction and mobilise small savings of the public. Certain restrictions are imposed on the depositors regarding the number of withdrawals and the amount to be withdrawn in a given period. withdraw facility is countenanced to the depositors. Rate of interest paid on these deposits is low as compared to that on fixed deposits. (iv) Recurring Deposit Account The purpose of these accounts is to encourage regular savings by the public, particularly by the fixed income group. Generally money in these accounts is deposited in monthly installments for a fixed period and is repaid to the depositors along with interest on maturity. The rate of interest on these deposits is nearly the same 3s on fixed deposits. (v) Home Safe Account Home inviolable account is another scheme aiming at promoting saving habits among the people.Under this scheme, a safe is supplied to the depositor to ke ep it at seat and to put his small savings in it. Periodically, the safe is taken to the bank where the amount of safe is credit to his account. 2. Advancingof loans The second important function of a bank is advancing of loans to the public. After keeping certain cash reserves, the banks lend their deposits to the needy borrowers. Before advancing loans, the banks satisfy themselves about the credits worthness of the borrowers. Various types of loans give by the banks are discussed below (i) Money at CallSuch loans are very diddle period loans and can be called back by the bank at a very short notice of say one day to fourteen days. These loans are generally made to other banks or financial institutions. (ii)Cash Credit It is a type of loan, which is given to the borrower against his current assets, such as shares, stocks, bonds, and so forthtera Such loans are not based on personal security. The bank opens the account in the send for of the borrowers and allows him to withdra w borrowed money from time to time up to a certain limit as hardened by the nourish of his current assets.Interest is charged only on the amount actually withdrawn from the account. (iii) Overdraft Sometimes, the bank provides overdraft facilities to its customers though which they are allowed to withdraw more than their deposits. Interest is charged from the customers on the overdrawn amount. (iv) Discounting of Bills of Exchange This is another hot type of lending by the modern banks. Through this manner, a holder of a bill of exchange can get it discounted by the bank. In a bill of exchange, the debtor accepts the bill drawn upon him by the creditor(i. e,holder of the bill) and agrees to pay the amount mentioned on maturity.After making some marginal deductions (in the form of commission), the bank pays the value of the bill to the holder. When the bill of exchange matures, the bank gets its payment from the party, which had accepted the bill. Thus, such a loan is self-liquid ating. (v) bourne Loans The banks have also started advancing medium-term and long-run loans. The maturity period for such loans is more than one year. The amount sanctioned is either paid or credited to the account of the borrower. The interest is charged on the intact amount of the loan and the loan is repaid either on maturity or in installments. . Credit mental home A unique function of the bank is to raise credit. In fact, credit mental home is the natural progeny of the process of advancing loan as adopted by the banks. When a bank advances a loan to its customer, it does not lend cash but opens an account in the borrowers name and credits the amount of loan to this account. Thus, whenever a bank grants a loan, it creates an equal amount of bank deposit. Creation of such deposits is called credit creation which results in a net increase in the money stock of the economy.Banks have the ability to create credit many times more than their deposits and this ability of multip le credit creation depends upon the cash-reserve ratio of the banks. 4. Promoting Cheque System Banks also render a very profitable medium of exchange in the form of cheques. Through a cheque, the depositor directs the bankers to make payment to the payee. Cheque is the most highly-developed credit instrument in the money market. In the modern business transactions, cheques have become much more convenient method of settling debts than the use of cash. 5. Agency FunctionsBanks also perform certain agency functions for and on behalf of their customers (i) Remittance of gold Banks suffice their customers in transferring funds from one place to another through cheques, drafts, etc. (ii) Collection and hire of Credit Instruments Banks collect and pay various credit instruments like cheques, bills of exchange, promissory notes, etc. (iii) Execution of rest Orders Banks execute the standing instructions of their customers for making various periodic payments. They pay subscriptions, rents, insurance premium, etc. on behalf of their customers. (iv) Purchasing and Sale of SecuritiesBanks undertake purchase and sale of various securities like shares, stocks, bonds, debentures etc. on behalf of their customers. Banks uncomplete give any advice to their customers regarding these investments nor levy any charge on them for their service, but simply perform the function of a broker. (v) Collection of Dividends on Shares Banks collect dividends, interest on shares and debentures of their customers. (vi) Income Tax Consultancy Banks may also use up income-tax experts lo prepare income-tax returns for their customers and to help them to get refund of income-tax. (vii) performing as Trustee and ExecutorBanks preserve the wills of their customers and execute them subsequently their death. (viii) Acting as Representative and Correspondent Sometimes the banks act as representatives and correspondents of their customers. They get passports, travelers tickets, book vehicles , plots for their customers and fool letters on their behalf. 6. General Utility Function In addition to agency services, the modern banks provide many general utility services as given below (i) Locker Facility Banks provide locker facility to their customers. The customers can keep their valuables and important documents in these lockers for safe custody. ii) Travellers Cheques Banks issue travellers cheques to help their customers lo travel without the fear of theft or loss of money. With this facility, the customers need not take the risk of carrying cash with them during their travels. (iii) earn of Credit Letters of credit are issued by the banks to their customers certifying their creditworthiness. Letters of credit are very useful in foreign trade. (iv) Collection of Statistics Banks collect statistics with child(p) important information relating to industry, trade and commerce, money and banking.They also publish journals and bulletins containing research articles on eco nomic and financial matters. (v) Underwriting Securities Banks underwrite the securities issued by the government, public or undercover bodies. Because of its full faith in banks, the public will not hesitate in buying securities carrying the signatures of a bank. (vi) Gift Cheques Some banks issue cheques of various denominations (say of Rs. 11, 21, 31, 51. 101, etc. ) to be used on auspicious occasions. (vii) Acting as Referee Banks may be referred for seeking information regarding the financial position, business reputation and reputability of their customers. viii) Foreign Exchange Business Banks also deal in the business of foreign currencies. Again, they may finance foreign trade by discounting foreign bills of exchange. Role of Commercial Banks In Economic Development Of A Country Commercial banksplay an important and active role in the economic development of a country. If the banking system in a country is effective, efficient and disciplined, it brings about a rapid growt h in the various sectors of the economy. The economic significance of commercial banks is given in brief. (1) Banks promote cap formation.The commercial banks play an important role in rising of the financial resources. They encourage savings by giving various types of incentives to the savers. They expand branches of the banks in rural and urban areas and mobilize savings even at far of places. These savings are then made available to the businesses which make use of them for productive purposes in the country. The banks are, therefore, not only store houses of the countrys wealth, but also provide stream of resources necessary for economic development. (2) Investment in new enterprises.Businessmen normally hesitate to invest their money in risky enterprises. The commercial banks generally provide short and medium term loans to entrepreneurs to invest in new enterprises and adopt new methods of mathematical product. The provision of timely credit increases the productive capacity of the economy. (3) Promotion of trade and industry. With the growth of commercial banking in the 19th and 20th centuries, there is vast expansion in trade and industry. The use of bank draft, cheque, bill of exchange credit cards etc has revolutionized both national and international trade. (4) Development of agriculture.The commercial banks, particularly in developing countries, are now providing credit for the development of agriculture and small scale industries in rural areas. The provision of credit to agriculture sector has greatly helped in raising agricultural productivity and income of the farmers. This has led to increased demand for industrial goods and expansion of industry. (5) Balanced development of different regions. The commercial banks play an important role in achieving balanced in different regions of the country. They help in transferring surplus capital from developed regions to the less developing regions.The traders, industrialists etc of less developed reg ions are able to get adequate capital for get together their business needs. This, in turn, increases investment, trade and production in the economy. (6) Influencing economy activity. The banks can also influence the economic activity of the country through its influence on (a) availability of credit and (b) the rate of interest. If the commercial banks are able to increase the amount of money in circulation through credit creation or by lowering the rate of interest, it directly affects economic development. A low rate of interest can encourage investment.The credit creation activity can raise aggregate demand which leads to more production in the economy. Which finally increases the growth of the nation. (7) Implementation of monetary policy. The central bank of the country controls and regulates volume of credit through the active cooperation of the banking system in the country. If helps in bringing price stability and promotes economic growth within shortest possible period t o time. (8) Monetization of the economy. The commercial banks by opening branches in the rural and backward areas are reducing the exchange of goods through barter.The use of money has now greatly increased the volume of production of goods. The non-monetized sector (barter economy) is now being converted into monetized sector with the helpof commercial banks. (9) Export promotion cells. In order to increase the exports of the country, the commercial banks have established export promotion cells. They provide information about general trade and economic conditions both inside and outside the country to its customers. The banks are, therefore, making positive contribution in the process of economic development.Role of banks in 21st century The commercial banks are now not confined to local banking. They are fast changing into global banking i. e. , understanding the global customer, using up-to-the-minute information technology, competing in the open market with high technology syst em, changing from domestic banking to investment banking etc. The commercial banks are now considered the nerve centre of all economic development in the country. The use of online banking is now on the increase. It has brought revolution in banking industry. CONCLUSIONCommercial banks are considered not merely as dealers in money but also the leaders in economic development. They are not only the store houses of the countrys wealth but also the reservoirs of resources necessary for economic development. They play an important role in the economic development of a country. A well-developed banking system is essential for the economic development of a country. The industrial Revolution in Europe in the 19th century would not have been possible without a sound system of commercial banking. In case of developing countries like India, the commercial banks are considered to be the backbone of the economy.The Banking Sector has for centuries now formed one of the pillars of economic prosp erity. Indeed history provides us with some starting information regarding how banks provided finance for imperialist ventures in newly acquired colonies. Over time banks have formed an important part in providing an avenue for both savings and investments. Land, Labor, capital and entrepreneurs are the basic economic resources available to business. However, to make the use of these resources, a business requires finance to purchase of the land, hire labor, pay for capital goods and pay for individuals with specialized skills.The commercial banks provide capital, technical assistance and other facilities to businessmen according to their need, which leads to development in trade. Commercial banks finance the most important sector of the developing economics i. e. agriculture, short, medium and long-term loans are provided for the purchase of seeds and fertilizer, installation of tube wells, construction of warehouses, purchase of tractor and thresher etc. Commercial banks help in i ncreasing the rate of capital formation in a country. Capital formation means increase in number of production units, technology, plant and machinery.They finance the projects responsible for increasing the rate of capital formation. Commercial banks help the traders of two different countries to undertake business. Letter of credit is issued by the importers bank to the exporters to ensure the payment. The banks also arrange foreign exchange. Commercial banks provide the facility of transferring funds from one place to another which leads to the growth of trade. The commercial banks financed the fare sector. It has reduced unemployment on one hand and increased the place facility on the other hand. Remote areas are linked to main markets through developed transport system.These are the few ways in which the commercial banks had helped in developing the economy of a country. BIBLIOGRAPHY * Samuelson Norhaus, economics, eighteenth edn, Tata McGraw Hill print Co. Ltd. , 2008 * Xam idea, economics, F K Publication, 2009 * Chitta Ranjan Basu, Commercial Banking in the Planned Economy of India, Mittal Publications, 1991 * N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, cengage learning, 2012 * www. preservearticles. com 2 . N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, cengage learning, 2012 3 . www. bankingsector. co. in 4 .N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, cengage learning, 2012 5 . Xam idea, economics. 6 . N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, cengage learning, 2012 7 . www. preservearticles. com 8 . www. ehow. com 9 . Samuelson Norhaus, economics, 18th edn, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. , 2008 10 . Chitta Ranjan Basu, Commercial Banking in the Planned Economy of India 11 . Samuelson Norhaus, economics, 18th edn, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. , 2008 12 . www. ehow. com 13 . N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, cengage learning, 2012 14 . www. preservearticles. com