Language †Symbolic Representation Essay

Language is a way of communication that involves symbolic representation. Language allows information about culture and society to be passed down from one generation to another. It is there to make people understand each other. Language is not only descriptive but is also an action. The way people use language is how they see things in the society they live in. People who speak the same language will up to a certain point share a perception of reality. This is different to people who speak more than one language. † No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the some worlds with different labels attached.† Edward Sapir, Understanding Language. If we are to believe this quote from Sapir, then language is probably the most important influence on building a society or any other social group. Language is more than a balance of communication or a means of bonding people together in a society, it is power, whether it be maintaining the status quo or changing it. When the countries of Africa regained independence, one of the first things they did, was to restore the mother-tongue names, Rhodesia named after the British colonialist Cecil Rhodes, was quickly changed to Zimbabwe. Also, the city in Northern Ireland known to the English as Londonderry is known to Irish nationalists as Derry. Londonderry only became so, after the London merchants who controlled it several centuries ago changed the name, it had always been Derry before that. Women are referred to as Miss or Mrs, which gives their marital status, whereas men are just Mr, and when a women does get married it is expected that she take her husbands surname, why? Is it, that the way language is used, it is telling us that men are superior to women and their family name is more important, maybe in the past when women were inferior to men, but not now. More and more women are keeping their own family name when they marry and refer to themselves as Ms, which doesn’t give any clues as to marital status. Even women who are not married don’t like to be referred to as Miss, so they too are being referred to as Ms. Names are very important in societies, when naming a newborn child it normally indicates the sex of the child. Once a certain name is used for a girl it loses it popularity as a boys name, e.g. Beverley, Gayle and Shirley were all popular boys names. Names that are for both sexes normally have different spellings, e.g. Tony / Toni, Terry / Terri and Lesley / Leslie. In some cultures girl’s names are derivatives of boys, by adding a few letters to the end of a boys name it becomes a girls name, e.g. Henry / Henrietta, Pat / Patricia and Robert / Roberta. Many boys’ names in English have no obvious meaning, girl’s names do, and girls are sometimes named after virtues, such as, Faith or Patience. Girls are also named after flowers, Rose, Lily or Daisy all meaning pretty. Class distinction can also be recognised in names, Tracey, Sharon, Kelly, Kevin, Paul, John, Steve and Chris all sound common but Chloe, Charlotte, Harry, William, Oliver and George all sound upper- class and would be perceived to be so. The way in which language is used shows a difference in social class, working class people tend to be abrupt with their children saying don’t do that, and when the child asks why they say because I said so, and middle class people would be more likely to explain in detail why. Middle class people tend to talk to their children more than lower class people. Working class children will grow up with a limited amount of language to do well in the society in which they live, therefore restricting the job or career opportunities open to them, they will more than likely have a manual job rather than a non-manual job. Whereas middle class children will grow up with a much broader vocabulary, so they will do well and go on to university and have better non-manual well-paid career. This is why children from a middle class background do well at school and go on to university rather than lower class children. Although, it is not being said that lower class children are less intelligent than middle class children, but because middle class children grow up with a better and broader vocabulary they do well as adults. There are so many different ways, in which language is used in society, slang for example, they way a sum of money is relayed, a ton meaning one hundred pounds, a monkey meaning five hundred pounds and a score meaning twenty pounds. People who are deft use sign language. Body language is another, the way people look when they are lying, the way people act when they are attracted to somebody, this is body language. Swearing is a form of language, why is fuck offending? Who said that a certain word is offensive? Its just a word, but it’s the way people are taught from a young age that they learn what words are acceptable to use in polite society and what words are not acceptable to use in polite society. When someone dies, people aren’t meant to mention it for fear of upsetting them, people don’t want to use language in the wrong way. People don’t like speaking in black and white, they go for a grey way of speaking known as ‘euphemisms’ e.g. people don’t say menstruation they say, got the painters in, red flag day or mouse in the house. Another example would be, people don’t say died, they might say something like, pushing up daises, kicked the bucket or meet the maker. Euphemisms are used mainly when people don’t want to face the bluntness of a situation so they try to make things sound nicer. Someone will say, I had to have the dog put to sleep, when really what should be said is, I killed the dog. Most euphemisms begin from childhood, passed down from mother to child, the naming of things, pee pee for urinating, winky or willie for penis, minnie for vagina, woo woo for dog, poo poo for excretion, din dins for dinner etc. People use euphemisms all through life, as adults we use them not unlike children, when we say, shag, rumpy-pumpy, hanky panky, a bit of how’s your father or nookie we mean sexual intercourse. Adults also use euphemisms to name sexual organs such as, prick, dick or knob all meaning penis, or a women’s organ’s can be referred to as bush for vagina, and then there’s always boob’s, tits, baps etc. all meaning breasts. People use euphemisms all through language to make things sound innocent rather than harder and fuller. Euphemisms are even used to name food, people eat pork but really its pig, but do people go into a restaurant and ask for a slice of pig. The same for beef, its cow but people don’t go into a restaurant and ask for cow. Language is used all the time in people’s day-to-day lives, people use language from the moment they are born and sometimes even before they are born. Some expectant mothers play classical music or relaxation sounds to their unborn child, in order to make them have a good cultural beginning before the child is even born. All people in society use some form of language all the time, whether it be sign language, body language, verbal language, language through a computer for handicapped people, sign language for the deft, euphemisms etc. As humans we communicate all the time and the way we communicate is through language. Even doctors, nurses, bank workers, teachers etc all have a way of using language which is known as jargon.

Autumn and Spring

Autumn and spring are my favorite seasons. Spring is the season between winter and summer. Autumn, or fall, is the season between summer and winter. Both seasons are beautiful. Although there is beauty in the seasons of fall and spring, there are also some distinctions between them, such as weather, color, and activities one can do during that time. In spring, temperatures rise as the days get longer. In later years, I have come to like spring weather after suffering the cold of winter. More rain tends to fall during this season. Spring is flowery. Leaves on the trees start budding out and begin greening; flowers and grass start growing due to the temperatures getting warmer. Colored flowers with nice smells announces the spring to everybody; we also smell the first cut of grass on a warm spring day. People do gardening in spring time too. Spring is more of a beginning to the trees; while, fall marks the end of their run. Everybody loves to feel free with thin pants and short sleeves in spring. Kids, especially, love to go out and play. They ride their bikes, and if it is a windy day, it is fun to fly kites. Spring is the time for baseball. Spring is a busy time for animals; they sleep all winter and become active again during this time. Many animals will have their young in the spring; when food is plentiful. Furthermore, their young will have time to grow before experiencing a cold winter themselves. Spring is a busy time for people, too. Farmers take care of the newborn animals; and they plant seeds in the fields. People go swimming and sailing for their pleasure. Who can forget the way lemonade tastes on the first day of spring? The fall season is cool with nippy weather. Nothing compares to the color of autumn leaves at the peak of their splendor. Leaves of some trees will turn colors, such as red, yellow, gold, orange, and brown as they all fall to the ground. I love to see the fall colors every autumn. Leaves crunch and crackle under my feet and whirl all around me. The sun goes down so early. Everyone likes the magic of the fall color. Some plants bear fruit. For example, there are apple trees in bloom. Ripe apples falls for eating, baking, and caramel apple making. The next interesting thing is the pumpkin. People choose a great big pumpkin, carve a face, make a ack-o-lantern, and roast the seeds. Halloween and Thanksgiving are the main holidays in fall. Football is a favorite game in fall. People do hiking and bicycling activities in the fall season. One day trees are all bare, leaves have fallen everywhere and there is an icy chill in the air. Very soon winter will be here. Animals will store and eat food to prepare for hibernation or dormancy. Earthworms tunnel down where the earth does not freeze; squirrels and chipmunks store seeds. We can hear the honking of geese when migrating. We can also can smell burning leaves and smoking woods. Even though there are many differences between these two seasons, there are a couple of similarities, too. First, the length of day and night are the same. Second, both seasons are transitional seasons. Spring precedes summer and fall precedes winter. On the first day of spring and fall (March 20 and September 22) the sun shines exactly over the equator and at that time the day and night time are the same at almost all the places in the world. In both seasons people like to travel. Both seasons are great in many ways. However, I admire the magic of fall colors.

Definition of motivation Essay

Internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal. Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the (1) intensity of desire or need, (2) incentive or reward value of the goal, and (3) expectations of the individual and of his or her peers. These factors are the reasons one has for behaving a certain way. An example is a student that spends extra time studying for a test because he or she wants a better grade in the class. Motivation is the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviors. It can be considered a driving force; a psychological drive that compels or reinforces an action toward a desired goal. Motivation elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal-directed behaviors. For example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation has been shown to have roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social areas. Motivation is conceptually related to, but distinct from, emotion and may be rooted in a basic impulse to optimize well-being, minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure. It can also originate from specific physical needs such as eating, sleeping/resting, and sexual reproduction. Motivation can be divided into two types: intrinsic (internal) motivation and extrinsic (external) motivation. Intrinsic motivation  Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on any external pressure. Intrinsic motivation is based on taking pleasure in an activity rather than working towards an external reward. Intrinsic motivation has been studied since the early 1970s. Students who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to engage in the task willingly as well as work to improve their skills, which will increase their capabilities.[1 ] Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they: * attribute their educational results to factors under their own control, also known as autonomy, * believe they have the skill that will allow them to be effective agents in reaching desired goals (i.e. the results are  not determined by luck), * are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve good grades. Extrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activity in order to attain an outcome, which then contradicts intrinsic motivation. It is widely believed that motivation performs two functions. The first is often referred to as the energetic activation component of the motivation construct. The second is directed at a specific behaviour and makes reference to the orientation directional component.[clarification needed] Extrinsic motivation comes from outside of the individual. Common extrinsic motivations are rewards like money and grades, and threat of punishment. Competition is in general extrinsic because it encourages the performer to win and beat others, not simply to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity. A crowd cheering on the individual and trophies are also extrinsic incentives. The concept of motivation can be instilled in children at a very young age, by promoting and evoking interest in a certain book or novel. The idea is to have a discussion pertaining the book with young individuals, as well as to reward them. Comparison of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Social psychological research has indicated that extrinsic rewards can lead to overjustification and a subsequent reduction in intrinsic motivation. In one study demonstrating this effect, children who expected to be (and were) rewarded with a ribbon and a gold star for drawing pictures spent less time playing with the drawing materials in subsequent observations than children who were assigned to an unexpected reward condition.[2] While the provision of extrinsic rewards might reduce the desirability of an activity, the use of extrinsic constraints, such as the threat of punishment, against performing an activity has actually been found to increase one’s intrinsic interest in that activity. In one study, when children were given mild threats against playing with an attractive toy, it was found that the threat actually served to increase the child’s interest in the toy, which was previously undesirable to the child in the absence of threat.[3] For those children who received no extrinsic reward, self-determination theory proposes that extrinsic motivation can be internalised by the individual if the task fits with their values and beliefs and therefore helps to fulfill  their basic psychological needs.

Introduction to Geography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Geography - Assignment Example Its objective is to provide updates about hazards, drought, monitoring and data products, monitoring and data index, and many other topics related to climate and weather. This website provides information about the weather conditions around the globe through weather observations, weather forecasts, and climatological information. Hence, the objective is to create a good world weather information service for the users. Title: Feeling the effects of climate change - Live Earth Video. This video talks about climate changes and its impacts upon Kenya communities. Kenyan people lost animals due to bad climate. There is no fertility and cultivation. The area is dry and barren. Climate change is the change in weather and climate conditions brought about by factors like global warming. Earth, today, is much warmer than it was 100 years ago. In warmer conditions, trees get thicker. Global warming increases the sea level. High sea level is dangerous for communities living at coastal line, because of fear of flooding. Rise in temperature results in melting of ice on the ice pole. These climate changes are expected to dry out the agricultural lands, which reduce the agricultural productivity. More storms and hurricanes are expected along with harsh weather changes with heat and cold waves. Southern Indian livelihoods get greatly affected by monsoon climate. The annual cycle of Indian monsoon starts from northern hemisphere, and moves toward southern hemisphere and back again. Although people in southern Indian livelihoods wait for monsoon to get enough waters for their crops, yet the scene has changed because of drastic effects of this monsoon brought about by severe climate changes. There have been weak monsoons bringing on diseases like dengue fever, and farmers pray for rain to collect water for their crops and yields. This also results in droughts, which eventually has bad effects on the overall Indian

Outsourcing in India Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6750 words

Outsourcing in India - Coursework Example Outsourcing in the recent years has come into much criticism by the workers in first world nations like US and UK. Many anti-outsourcing unions have been formed and people have developed a kind of disgust towards this trend which is only evolutionary (What are the Global Outsourcing Benefits 2005). This dissertation seeks to understand and know the effects of outsourcing of jobs to India will have on the service sector of the United Kingdom as well as other developed nations. Any benefits from outsourcing to India will also we weigh against the negative effects. Chapter one serves as a backgrounder for the Indian economy from the pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial period. This is significant as it will give light to the nature of economy that existed before that affects the present economic system of India. The economic reforms made by Rajiv Gandhi were the foundation that made what India is today. The second section of the chapter examines the history of outsourcing and prove that the practice of outsourcing is not new, before the information technology, some manufacturing jobs were already being sent to low-wage countries. It is only through the advent of information and communication technology that outsourcing grew rapidly. This section evaluates the real force behind outsourcing and when it all started. Chapter two gives an account of the types of jobs being outsourced to India and what industries are involved. By using comparative advantage (Ricardo's principle) and the Heckscher-Ohlin model, the chapter seeks to understand fully the rational behind choosing India as a destination for most outsourcing job. Chapter three investigate the major impact of outsourcing on India and the use of Solow growth model in order to explain India's growth and make some predictions of the future of of Indian economy. It is indicated in this section that the outsourcing business is not only fueling the Indian economy into a bullish future but also provided and continues to provide more jobs to the Indians. Chapter four discusses the applicability of dual economy theory on present day India where agriculture and industrial economy both fuel its economy. The chapter also showed that India is fast catching up with other western developed economies. And finally, having all this data, this section will evaluate the overall benefits and especially negative effects of outsourcing to India on the service sector of the UK and other EU states. The major conclusion made from the essay Continued outsourcing of some jobs to India will further fuel the already emerging economy of India. Its effect on UK service sector will be temporary. Overall, the current structure of outsourcing is seen by many economists as an evolutionary one which will eventually benefit all countries in the long run. As an example of its benefits, the introduction of business process outsourcing has already enabled many countries to cut down prices and give better

European Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

European Business - Essay Example also contains all the required components to get share from this huge market. It can also expand outside the EU. The major benefit of single market is reduction in border costs. They are similar to import tariffs, because they also raise the price of exports in the foreign market. A decrease in border costs has a great and positive effect on integrating regions as a tariff reduction. It helps in trade creation and trade diversion and changes in the terms of trade. It also affects the incentives to invest. Reduction in border costs produces a strong competition on the home market and a better competitive position on the foreign market. It also increase the cost of production for exports and their reduction simultaneously improves home country firms position on foreign markets and exposes them to more intense competition at home. These are some general benefits that can facilitate any business looking to expand in the EU market. But for doing specific planning it would be appropriate to undertake a general quantitative analysis of the social-economic functioning of the market, carry out a quantitative survey, undertake a qualitative analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the market. These three steps will help in formulating strategy to specific areas of the business. For doing this analysis it is appropriate to have a detailed data on following aspects. Once the reliable data i... 6. Prices can be easily compared because of Euro. 7. Reduction in non tariff barriers 8. Adoption of the Common External Tariff 9. No threat of fluctuating exchange rates thanks to Euro. These are some general benefits that can facilitate any business looking to expand in the EU market. But for doing specific planning it would be appropriate to undertake a general quantitative analysis of the social-economic functioning of the market, carry out a quantitative survey, undertake a qualitative analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the market. These three steps will help in formulating strategy to specific areas of the business. For doing this analysis it is appropriate to have a detailed data on following aspects. The socio-economic role of the market in the EU context. Balance and healthy competition between the market competitors. The market role in promoting local production. Possible internal and external partners in accomplishing this strategy. Once the reliable data is available about above said areas. It would be easy for planners to formulate strategy for the expansion of Company in EU single market and beyond. Besides the benefits of single market there may be some threats or hurdles that may cause problems. It is important to consider these threats before implementing the expansion strategy. These hurdles may be: Lack of knowledge about the demands of market Lack of coordination between the trading parties Cultural or traditional differences Purchasing power and price factor of different market within EU or outside EU After going through all these preliminaries reliable information can be gathered. This data will be greatly helpful in adopting a correct course of action. Once the planning and data collection phase is completed. It is time for taking

Human Rights and the Ethiopian Government Essay

Human Rights and the Ethiopian Government - Essay Example The current government stands accused of acts that go against basic human rights and certainly in no way represent the will of the Ethiopian people for freedom and democracy. The Human Rights Watch website (www.hrw.org) has said that "the aftermath of Ethiopia's landmark May 2005 parliamentary elections has laid bare the deeply entrenched patterns of political repression, human rights abuse and impunity that characterize the day-to-day reality of governance in much of the country". Although the Ethiopian elections were of great interest to a world audience who felt that the democratic process was truly at work, the truth was that political groups were literally fighting it out for a place in debates and on the ballot boxes. The EPRF was busy coercing voters into a repeat result from the 2000 election with abusive tactics that the HRW researchers explain as "government officials and security forces in much of Ethiopia mak[ing] routine use of various forms of human rights abuse to deter and punish dissent" (Ibid.). These authority figures are retaining such abusive control over the Ethiopian population by citing terrorist plots and other security threats that will legitimately let officials detain 'suspects' and interrogate them for purposes that actually bear no relation to actual national security. The EPRF has effectively decided that any dissenting movement from that of their own party is therefore a national threat and as such they have treated members of the CUD and the United Ethiopian Democratic Forces as enemies of the state. The 2005 Amnesty International Report mentions that aside from citizen unrest within the country due to fear of torture and detainment, the government has also proposed new legislation that would put members of the press at risk of arrest for probing into what are deemed private parliamentary matters (Amnesty International Report 2005). Although international observers and internal watchdogs of the Ethiopian 2005 election reported that the results were in general in consensus with actual voting percentages, CUD and other opposition members maintained that there were a high number of uncounted ballots that might have made a significant difference to government. After refusing to accept the results of what they stated was a fixed election, CUD members decided that the official course of action would be civil disobedience. Thousands participated in the plan and this led to massive force on the part of the police, something that did no favors to the poor reputation of the EPRG in terms of human rights violations. After abusing these dissenters, the government maintained its official position and yet did little to change its image for the better both nationally and internationally. In the U.S. Department of State's "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices", fifteen different violations of human rights were reported in cluding unlawful killings, detentions of thousands without charge, government interference in union activities, self-censorship by journalists, government infringement on citizens' privacy rights and government

Strategic Logistics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Strategic Logistics - Case Study Example But the development and location of a distribution center itself is a "semipermanent" commitment. Demand characteristics are directly related to physical-distribution systems. Where demand is widely variable, then distribution facilities are usually concentrated in fewer locales. Where demand is continuous and rather consistent, as is the case for some food products, distribution facilities can be decentralized. A highly variable demand makes it difficult to design effective physical-distribution systems and control costs, while a stable demand permits it. In between these extremes, where demand patterns can be discerned through analysis, as with seasonal products, reasonable distributions systems may be approximated. Product characteristics help to determine the optimal design and type of physical-distribution system. The ability of products such as luxury items to absorb costs is particularly important. High-value items, if heavily stocked, mean a heavy inventory investment and hen ce increased costs. Their storage is often minimized. For them transportation is a modest amount of the total price. Physical-distribution systems are geared to the optimization of the system as a whole rather than of any part of it (Simchi-Levi et al 2008). The case of Pedigree Petfoods shows that a manufacturer is confronted with making a choice from among a variety of distribution alternatives. Although generalized solutions to all distribution channel decisions cannot be formulated, general guidelines can. In theory, the economic functions of channel members can be analyzed, significant factors and forces shaping distribution systems can be assessed, and the variety of channel arrangements currently employed to overcome distribution barriers can be classified (Slack et al 2002). According to Baudin (2005), the overall function of distribution channels is the concentration and dispersion of products in relation to market needs. Four sorting processes are fundamental to the activities of these channels: (1) sorting out: breaking down heterogeneous supply into separate homogeneous stock. (2) accumulation: bringing together similar stocks into a homogeneous supply. The channel functions, concentration and dispersion, are related to the homogeneity and heterogeneity of supply, and the appropriate sorting process must be provided. Successive channel stages attempt to overcome any discrepancy between product assortment and market requirements. Customer requirements of one or two units are at variance with supplier requirements of mass production. The case of Pedigree Petfoods allows to say that physical-distribution activities are performed as a number of dependent functions. To plan, direct, and coordinate physical distribution activities, it is desirable to group them all within a single department. This is usually achieved in retailing and wholesaling under the operations department. Manufacturing generally lacks such coordination. Physical distribution as a concept sees the physical movement of goods as a set of related activities carried on by a number of firms at various levels, linked together to form a total distribution system. Logistical decisions and the design of a company's movement-and-storage system result from cost-market requirement analysis of alternatives. It involves a balancing of transfer costs, operating costs, and marketing factors (Stroh, 2006). The main problem apparent for m the case study is that the breakdown of one system can result in breakdown

Importance of Strategic thinking and formulation in the organisational Essay

Importance of Strategic thinking and formulation in the organisational change - Essay Example There are many stages involved in the process of the strategic management. These steps are divided in to three broad categories: 1) Strategy formulation 2) Strategy implementation 3) Strategy evaluation The first step namely the strategy formulation involves the development of the business mission, evaluation of the opportunities and threats faced by the business organisation in the business, by using tools such as SWOT analysis, examining the strengths and weaknesses of the business, determining the long term objectives of the business and designing the new strategies to eke in the process of achieving the new targets. It also include the processes to determine the investment direction, the business markets to be addressed, extension of the operations of the business, limitations faced by the business in order to undertake the business activities.... d the marketing efforts, planning the financial issues, alignment of the information system with the information needs of the employees and last but not least provisions of appraisals and rewards to the employees. The strategy implementation stage requires several actions to be taken by the management in order to get the most of it. The successful implementation of a strategy is directly related to the ability of a manger to motivate employees in the strategic direction and to develop an organisational culture to adopt the change and take it into the daily business practise. It also demands some crucial steps by the managers on personal level. The manger should depict different qualities such as discipline, high level of commitment and motivation, leadership and enthusiasm of making things possible. Successful implementation of strategy is very important. This is the most crucial step in the whole process since it involves many factors besides the ability of manger. This includes the adoption of change by the employees, their commitment levels, and the enthusiasm towards their jobs. Most often the business organisations fail to achieve their desired targets since they fail to implement their s trategies in a successful manner or fail to get support from their employees. The final stage is the strategy evaluation. After the implementation it is important for the managers to test the effectiveness of the strategy. The strategy of a company requires constant updating. With the changing conditions of market and industry it is important for an organisation to keep its strategy in tact with the changing environment. An out dated strategy cannot fulfil the needs of today's global environment. In order to go through the updating process the organisations should carry on

For developing countries what are the advantages and disadvantages of Assignment

For developing countries what are the advantages and disadvantages of participating in the global garment industry - Assignment Example creasing development in this industry is due to the availability of a cheap work force, ready market and easy transportation due to its negligible weight (TAYLOR, 2009). Developing countries have maximized their raw materials and there has been dramatic increase in the production which now accounts for about 70% of the world export on clothing. However, the garment industry is not left far behind as it accounts for about 3.2% of the world’s manufacturing export (TAYLOR, 2009). Developing countries’ involvement in the global trade, especially in the garment industry has both positive and negative impacts. On the positive impacts is the fact that this industry has increased the level of employment reducing unemployment in developing countries, which has been one of the major epidemics. For example, in Bangladesh, about 1.5 million workers are absorbed in these industries which are about 65% of the total workforce (Hoque, 2005). In Morocco, about 40% of the total human resources are also absorbed into this industry. Second advantage is the increased level of foreign exchange or export earnings. These increased earnings are very vital in any developing countries since it is a source of revenue through which the government injects into development projects so as to improve the living standards of its citizens (TAYLOR, 2009). In Bangladesh, this industry contributes to about 75% of the country’s total export earnings. In Mauritius, it is about 64%, while in Sri Lanka it is about 50%, and in Tunisia it is about 40%. Next is that it has some considerable total added value of merchand ise exports. This is evident in countries such as Bangladesh which is about 55%, Turkey being 28%, while in Morocco and Pakistan it is 20% (TAYLOR, 2009). On the other hand, linearization of trade has disadvantages in all industrial sectors, garment industry being inclusive. First is that these developing countries have removed all the trade barriers which may later lead to

Essential Elements of a Binding Contract Research Paper

Essential Elements of a Binding Contract - Research Paper Example The lack of experience in dealing in drafting legally binding contracts by businesses and individuals has promoted the occurrence of illegal acts in the administration and formation of contracts. In order to ensure that non-enforceable contracts do not occur in the future, both parties entering into a contract are required to take into consideration all the relevant requirements of a legal and valid contract. Definition of a Legal Contract According to Miller and Hollowell (2008), a contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more persons. The two parties agree on acts that will be refrained from or performed in fulfillment of a promise. Disputes from the contracts arise when one party refuses to fulfill their part of the promise made to another contracting party. The objectives of the contract theory are to show how a contract is formulated and enforced. The theory aims at describing and showing the intention of the parties to enter into a contract. The intention of the parties to enter into a valid contract is determined by an external party normally by the court of law. The courts rely on the words that a party said when he/she was entering into the contract, the actions of the party before he/she entered or what the appearance of the party looked like before entering into a contract. The law recognizes that the party entering into a contract that is valid must be based on free will. However, the law is responsible in regulating the freedom that an individual can enjoy from a contract. The law does not allow individuals to abuse the freedom to contract (Emerson, 2009). Parties in a Legal Contract The main parties to the contract include the offeror, offeree, and the government. The offeror is the party that agrees to deliver services or goods or services. The offeror is the party that agrees to accept the goods at the agreed consideration and the government acts as an agent to ensure that a contract is enforced. The main obligations of an offeror in a contract include specifications of the terms of the contract. The specifications should be enough and clear to enable the offeree to understand and accept the offer. For example, an offeror selling a house must specify the boundaries of the land holding the house and the price of the house. The offeror must specify the duration of the contract and the day that the contract will expire. The offeror reserves the right to revoke his offer in a valid or change the terms specified in a contract (Miller & Jentz, 2010). The obligations of the offeree are to accept the offer based on the requirements laid do wn by the offeror. Legally the offeree has a responsibility of paying the offeror the consideration they agreed upon. If any of the parties does not bind by the rules of the contract, there exists a breach of contract. The Role of a Third Party In a Legal Contract Collins (2003) states that, the role of the third party in a contract is to give a constructive notice or provide some kind of influence in the performance of a contract. However, the role played by a third party in the performance of a contract is limited. The third parties may be used to solve a dispute arising from a contract or a friend who passes important information to both the offeror and the offeree. The third party can also be a beneficiary who has the right to enforce a contract.

High availability Essay Example for Free

High availability Essay In the advent of the computer age, the growth of the internet has also necessitated the development of technologies that are not only able to cope with the demands of users but also within the limitations of current hardware. With multitasking having evolved into the norm, the availability of media and applications online has made it increasingly important to provide  high availability (Marcus 2003). The mission-critical applications that have surfaced on the internet have placed added pressure to make sure that highly available services are always ready. As such, this brief discourse will attempt to discuss the current state of high availability technology as well as any recent trends or variations that have surfaced. High Availability, as the term suggests, refers to systems or instruments in information technology that are not only continuously available but also continuously operational for long periods of time (Marcus 2003). The term availability is used to refer to the access that the users or members of user community have to the system. This type of access or ability can include anything from uploading files, to changing entries, updating works or even just scanning previous works (Marcus 2003). The failure to access the system results in downtime or unavailability. An example of this would be the manner by which community users like to be able to use Facebook to chat, watch videos, update links and upload pictures all at the same time. With a network that has Low Availability, the users will occasionally experience failures with regard to logging in or accessing different functions of the website because of the necessary downtime for system updating and maintenance (Ulrick 2010). This downtime can be prejudicial for a website or an internet application because it reduces the desirability of the technology. With the pressure on to provide complete and persistent accessibility, companies have tried to achieve the optimum â€Å"100% operational† or â€Å"never failing† Availability Status . One way of providing almost constant availability (High Availability) is by creating clusters. These computer systems or networks consist of several pieces that act as back-ups or failover processing mechanism that store data and allow for access. This includes the Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) or the Storage Area Network (SAN), which are used as back up storage devices to ensure constant availability (Marcus 2003). These systems, however, are constantly evolving and changing depending on the technology that is available and developed such as systems that have solid membership administration, consistent group communication sub-systems, quoram sub-systems, and even concurrent control sub-systems, among others. By creating a clustered computer system or network, backups are created in the form of redundancies for both hardware and software. This is achieved by forming or grouping several independent nodes with each of them simultaneously running a copy of the operating system (OS) and the application software (Marcus 2003). Whenever there is a failure in any of the nodes or when daemon failures occur, the system can quickly be reconfigured and the existing workload is then passed on to the other available or functional nodes within the cluster. Thus, there is always, theoretically, one system that is available and running to handle the services and access for the user community. It was reported in 1996 that the lost revenue and productivity due to downtime amounted to over US$ 4. 54 billion for American businesses alone (IBM 1998). As such, High availability has been consistently upgrading and evolving to be able to address this issue. The recent development include the creation of High Availability Clusters (HA Clusters or Failover Clusters). The concept of this is that it provides greater High Availability by operating several computer clusters at the same time. While this applies the same concept as High Availability, it attempts to create several failover systems and clusters that cater to this. It does, however, retain the same concept of constant monitoring to make sure that the systems are running as programmed and as planned. Recent research in this field has shown that there is also a diminishing return principle that can be applied. Up until recently, it was thought that by creating an expansive network and creating several clusters, the availability could be increased proportionally. However, there are findings that show that High Availability decreases when there are more components that are added to the system. This means that instead of improving the process it is instead undermined by the installation of additional components. The reason for this, according to Chee-Wei Ang, is that the more complex a system the more potential failures arise (Ang 2007). Since there are more systems to monitor, it becomes more difficult to point out exactly where the problem is. This can be compared to a complicated plumbing system wherein it becomes difficult to find the source of the leak. Though it has been argued by experts that a number of highly available systems utilize a simple design architecture which features high quality multipurpose systems. Yet even with this, it cannot ignore the basic fact that theses systems still require constant upgrading, patching and maintenance. The recent developments in this field include the creation of more advanced systems designs that streamline and facilitate the maintenance of systems without the need for compromising the availability. This has been achieved by doing load balancing and more advanced failover techniques. It is admitted, however, that while there are several developments, like all hardware devices these systems are also prone to human error and typical wear and tear which cannot be avoided though their effects can be mitigated by the introduction of more effective and efficient means.

Rapid growth of technology

Rapid growth of technology EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the current season, the rapid growth of technology, communication and especially the large volume of information have led many companies and organizations to use IT systems for the management and the safety of information. The main objective of this project is to implement a complete security assessment of the private hospital  «Elpis ». The firms which effectively allocate their resources for the better understanding of the risks they face, can more easily avoid unexpected situations and release resources in other directions and profitable activities (i.e. new investments), that otherwise would have potentially rejected as very dangerous. Therefore, the adoption of procedures that focus on Risk Analysis and Management can substantially help firms to prevent or control risky situations. Once, firms have identified an efficient way to measure the relationship between their risk and rewards they could significantly improve their current operations or find new profitable activities. This project investigates the risks related to the security of the hospital  «Elpis ». Specifically, it focuses on the hospital organization, the sources of operational risks and provides detail description of available technologies that can ensure the management and control of these risks. The hospital is located in Athens having two other subsidiaries called  «Mitera » in Chalkida. We know that the private hospitals interchange important medical information concerning their patients. The central IT department is established in Athens dealing with various services such as the patient registration data, patient diagnoses, management of medical information, other data saving, etc. On the other hand, the IT department in  «Mitera » hospital is obsolete with limited ability to send and receive large volume of data. Therefore, this project aims to investigate all the required procedures that can ensure the integrity and confidentiality of medical information transmission betw een the hospitals and the incessant operation of the IT services.  «Elpis » hospital is constituted by five departments: the Administrative Department, the Human Recourses Department, and Finance Department, the Secretariat-motion of Patient Department and the IT Department, while  «Mitera » hospital is organized into two departments, the Secretariat-motion of Patient Department and the IT Department. We analyse the IT department of  «Elpis » hospital which employs the head of the IT department, a network administrator, a medical software administrator, a database administrator and an information security administrator. Our analysis reveals some rules and practices that can ensure the information safety in the private hospital. Also, we have recognized significant sources of risk come from the outside environment and individuals that work in the hospital. The results of this report can be used in the improvement of medical information safety and the minimization of the possible risks. Next, we present the potential technological solutions that the hospital can adopt at a total financial cost of EURO 5000. They include the Intrusion Detection System (IDS), Antivirus, Spyware, Adware and firewall, Implementation of RAID 5, automatic fire detection mechanisms, emergency generator UPS, automatic Air conditioning control, User policy and Password policy. DETAILED ANALYSIS Description of the companys IT infrastructure In this section, we present organizational structure of  «Elpis » and  «Mitera » hospitals as well as their software part of their network. We continuous our analysis using the CRAMM methodology in order to uncover the threats and weaknesses of the IT departments. Finally, we present possible solutions that can face all these risks relevant with the operation of the IT department. The private hospital  «Elpis » is located in Athens at a building consist of 3 floors. In the first floor we find the hospitals administration and a computer room with the IT equipment. In the second floor is the pathological and chirurgical clinic, the secretariat of the clinics and the medical library. The third floor accommodates the cardiologic clinic, the secretariat of the clinic and the room of telemedicine. All the offices for each roof are connected to the same LAN. The organisational structure of private hospital  «Elpis » is constituted by five departments: The Administrative Department: has the total administrative responsibility of hospital. It applies the strategic decisions and rules which are taken through the administrative council. It aims in the appropriate allocation of responsibilities to employees and to provide the maximum good working environment. It has the responsibility for complaints and the implementation of regulation. The Human Recourses Department: Arrange for any matter relating to the official status of the hospital staff, as well as for the monitoring, organizing and control the personnel of all services of the hospital. The Finance Department: the care for the study of the economic needs of the hospital, and its contribution to preparing the budget of the hospital, making the expenditure, the liquidation of personnel acceptances and remaining compensations, procurement, management and storage of supplies and materials that needed to operate the hospital, the training of balance-sheet and assessment, the responsibility for the safeguarding of hospital fortune and the observation of economic statistical elements. The Secretariat-motion of Patient Department: arrange for any matter relating to the organization of secretarial support according with the decisions of management and other services at the hospital. It arranges the publication of tickets for admission of the sick, and compliance with waiting list admission. Also, it keeps detailed statistics of nursing movement and it grants certificates in the patients, afterwards the submission of relative application. The IT Department: has the responsibility for the organisation and operation of computerisation, processing and maintenance of computerized statistical data, providing and distribution of information in the services of hospital, in the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Social Welfare and in other relevant bodies and each other relevant work. It is responsible to research new technologies with aim to save money and increase productivity of the hospital. It provide technical support and training in the employees of hospital for each technology program that using. Also it is responsible for the security of IT programs and IT hardware. The IT infrastructure of hospital  «Elpis » consists of servers which running the medical application or others services and the ability to store all data, the network equipment (switches-Ethernet) which is used for connecting the computer room-servers and the personal computers of hospital staff and the firewall that is configured from the network administrator and monitor data traffic from the hospital on the Internet with specific criteria. In figure 1 presents the topology of the system. Hardware of Hospital Elpis: A Router (1 piece): The Router is a device which connects the workstation on the network of the hospital. The Router connects the local network of the hospital with the internet, using a leased line of 4 Mbps. Firewall (1 piece): The Firewall is a device or software that prevents access to or from a private network for which it was authorized. The Firewalls can also be applied to hardware and software, or a combination of both. It used to deter unauthorized Internet users from accessing private networks. Also firewall controls the movement of data for the region that is responsible. Switch (4 pieces): a hardware device and used to connect different components in the same network. The switches cutting useless Internet traffic and allow you an affordable high-performance network. The switch is can be used for splitting the physical LAN in two small LANs. In network of hospital this switch splits the physical LAN in two small LANs. A central switch is connected with three other switches which connect the workstations. While another switch connects the servers. Database Server (1 peace): Database Server is a device that used by one or more machines as their database. By using a database server users of the hospital have the ability to manage and organize medical data Web Server (1 peace): O web server is a computer, allowing other computers to access files that manage, using the HTTP protocol (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol). Please note that the basic web server administrator has the ultimate control of the server, unlike a simple user The Hospital uses Apache Server. Mail Server (1 peace): mail agent receives the e-mail from local users (incoming), and offered to surrender on outbound users. A computer dedicated to running such applications is also called a mail server. The transfer of medical results from the Mitera hospital to the hospital Elpis made via e-mails. Backup Server (1 peace): A Backup Server is a way to save your important medical files into one single compressed file. The best part of Backup Server is its affordable and you can transfer the compressed file onto another computer or hard drive. In addition, backup server has the possibility to administrate the tape backup machine. Tape Backup Machine (1 peace): Backup Machine provides the easiest way to backup your critical folders and files allowing access to local and network directories. The disk should be replaced at regular intervals and stored in a sheltered place. Workstastion PC (50): Each office holds, one or more desktop pc only for internal services access and development. Software of Hospital Elpis: Microsoft Exchange Server 2003 Windows XP Professional ORACLE 8 The  «Mitera » hospital has a Secretariat-motion of Patient Department, the Pathological clinic and the IT department. The medical information (patients data, patient diagnoses, etc.) is exchanged between hospitals with web-hosting or email. The communication as achieved with an ADSL 4 Mbps. The technical characteristics (see figure 2) of  «Mitera » hospital are the same with  «Elpis » hospital. Hardware of  «Mitera » Hospital: A Router (1 piece), Firewall (1 piece) Switch (4 pieces) Mail Server (1 peace) Web Server (1 peace) Storage Devices (1): are used to store the medical data. The storage devices are one of the most important components of the computer system. Workstation Pc (5) Staff Members of the group will undertake to conduct the risk analysis in Chalkis hospital. They should be trained in project risk analysis in order to fulfill their goal. Specifically, the team has the following members: Director Management: He has the overall responsibility for the project in order to succeed. He is responsible for proper organization of the team and ultimately responsible for assessing the risk analysis. Chief: He is responsible for organizing team members. Has the responsibility to evaluate the job each team member. He is responsible for implementing the risk management program. Manager system and informations: they have the responsible for the integrity and availability of systems and information Security Department: they have the responsible for security programs and to identify risks and their eliminate with using the risk analysis Security Practitioners: they have the responsible for the evaluation of security requirements for each IT systems. Risk Analysis In the previous section we described the organizational and informational structure of  «Elpis » and  «Mitera » hospitals. Now, we are describing the assets that are classified into three categories: a) software assets, b) hardware assets and c) data assets. A system can be characterized as reliable and safe when it is: a) confidential: provide access only to authorized persons. They have access to important information (medical information, personal patient data), b) availability: the service that the IT facilities provide should be incessant, c) integrity: the system should be ready at any time to provide reliably any information. Also, the information should not change by unauthorized persons. Data assets The hospital manages important medical information. Thus, the access to the internal network should not be free and the communication between the hospitals should be characterized by safety and reliability. The data assets of private hospital  «Elpis » can contain the following: Patient Records: patient personal data (patient medical history) Personnel Records: staff personal data Financial Records: financial data concerning both hospitals Statistics records: statistical data related to the number of surgeries, patient entrances, deaths, etc. In this project, we perform a risk analysis and management for two data assets, the patient files and the statistical data. Hardware assets In this category, it is classified the physical assets like the equipment facilities, buildings. We focus our analysis on hardware assets. Specifically, the hardware assets of  «Elpis » hospital can be the followings: Application server: It is the most important part of the system. The medical application is installed on the application server where the medical data processing is implemented. Moreover, other staff and financial application are installed on the application server. Database server: It makes possible to the different software to ask for information, update and delete data. Backup server: It provide access to different saved data in the system relevant to medical data, patient personal data, staff data, and other general hospital data Mail server: It facilitates the interchange of mails between the  «Elpis » hospital and the hospital in Chalkida. Also, we perform a risk analysis and management for the most important hardware assets: application server and database server. Software assets This category of applications contains software that the staff of hospital uses for data processing. The software assets of private hospital  «Elpis » can be divided into: Staff Software: They are applications that manage data of hospital staff. They permit new records, delete of records and modifications. Patient folders Software: These applications manage data relevant to the patients (personal data patient medical history). Data Statistical analysis Software: They are applications that process statistical data and help in the creation of annual reports DETERMINATION OF COUNTERMEASURES In the above section was realised the analysis for the threats and the vulnerabilities for each assets (figure 3) . In this section we analyze the countermeasures which should be taken for each threat. In addition, we proposed solutions and technical relatively with the physical and hardware section as well as the architectures and security policies. The countermeasures will be supposed in such degree in order that the hospital working in an error-tolerant. Each employee will have the appropriate privileges in system, in relation to the work which he performs. The password policy should be changed. Users must renew the password once a month and use string passwords. For devices that contain important medical information that password should be changed once a week and the rights of the user accounts to be examined by managers every two weeks. As a reference the user policy should describe the rules that will prevent the user from illegal operations (even if accidental) aiming at the confidentiality of data. The company should implement a backup policy in order to store important medical information (patient file) and data which associated with the company (any company, personal information). The backups are major because theres a danger of losing important data from the disaster of equipment or external threats or by human error (deliberate or accidental). The backup will be made every day and in time that the workload of the hospital is small. Also it should be created a monthly backup that will be stored in a separate location, in case where the initial copies have been destroyed by a natural disaster or damage of equipment or human error. The storage of data will be realised with technical of Raid 5 because the price of the disc is significantly reduced and the costs of implementation Raid 5 is now within most organisms budgets. A measure that must be taken is the installation of an emergency generator UPS which will ensure continuous operation of IT equipment even if creates problems at the central UPS. Also an emergency generator UPS should be connected with the cooling system of the computer room. In the computer room there is a simple cooling system which may not ensure the proper operation of IT systems. The most effective measure is the installation of an completed cooling system which will have automatic air conditioning control with aim to minimize the risk of a sudden increase in temperature. The confidentiality and the data integrity is an important part of the hospital. The installation of IDS device provides control of the network and intrusion detection that can come from either inside or outside of hospital and detect violations of security policies. An IDS has the ability to produce reports on the above events. In addition, a measure that must be taken is the installation of completed fire protection equipment in all spaces of the hospital (patient rooms, offices, computer room). The fire system will have the ability to detect smoke or fire and more generally the change in the temperature also in case of emergency the possibility of telephone connection with the local fire station and the police. The education and training of hospital members in safety, confidentiality and organisation issues should are realised each 2 months. Thus, hospital members acquire feeling of personal responsibility and dexterities. Finally, it should be installed Software applications which will protect the network of hospital from malicious programs. The installation of Antivirus Spyware program will take place in server with a view to automatically install and update the antivirus programs on each workstation. CONCLUSION The main objective of this report was to evaluate safety in private hospital Elpis with the method of risk analysis. The hospital has implemented some measures for the correct and safe operation of hardware and software but these measures do not cover many of the threats. The most important areas that should provide the hospital are the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data. These areas should be applied to a greater degree in the user policy and the security policy. Also, it should be implemented specific technologies which ensure in the hospital proper functioning. Access to sensitive patient information and medical research should be protected specifically by unauthorized persons. Finally, it suggested equipment to help in case of emergency.

THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS

THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS Doctor Faustus is a play written by Christopher Marlowe, based on the Faust story, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for power and knowledge. Doctor Faustus was first published in 1604, eleven years after Marlowes death and at least twelve years after the first performance of the play. Faustus is seen as a tragic hero since he is a character that makes an error of judgment or has a fatal flaw which combined with fate external forces, brings on a tragedy. This tragic flaw leading to either action or inaction is the beginning of the characters downward sprial, which was originally caused by his great character trait. Faustus is a scholar who has great intelligence, ambition and honor; these aspects of his personality are often his weakness, as well as his greatest personality trait, leads him into conflict. He is not a villain, his aims are good but means to achieve it are not. Faustus comments that he has reached the end of every subject he has studied. He appreciates Logic as being a tool for arguing; Medicine as being unvalued unless it allowed raising the dead and immortality; Law as being upstanding and above him; Divinity as useless because he feels that all humans commit sin, and thus to have sins punished by death complicates the logic of Divinity. He dismisses it as What doctrine call you this? (What will be, shall be). Actually, he was aware of every art that mankind could be able to learn. Philosophy is odious and obscure, Both law and physic are for petty wits, Divinity is basest of the three- Unpleasant, harsh, contemptible and vile. Tis magic, magic that hath ravished me! Then, gentle friends, aid me in this attempt (100 105) You shouldnt finish your paragraph with a quotation. You should devote a line or two to analyse it and try to connect it to the point you want to prove, which is that Faustus is a tragic hero. Nonetheless, he was not satisfied with everything he knew so he called upon his servant Wagner to bring for Valdes and Cornelius, two famous magicians. The good angel and the bad angel dispense their own perspective of his interest in Satan. Though Faustus is momentarily dissuaded, proclaiming How am I glutted with conceit of this? He is apparently won over by the possibilities Magic offers to him. Valdes declares that if Faustus devotes himself to Magic, he must vow not to study anything else and points out that great things are indeed possible with someone of Faustus standing. The miracles that magic will perform Will make thee vow to study nothing else. (130 131) Thereafter, Doctor Faustus makes an accord with the Devil in order to achieve what he wants. Right there, Faustus, Lucifer and other devils created a circle and speak an incantation. Then a devil named Mephistopheles appears before him. Faustus is unable to tolerate the hideous looks of the devil and commands it to change its appearance. Faustus, in seeing the obedience of the devil (for changing form), takes pride in his skill. He tries to bind the devil to his service but is unable to because Mephistopheles already serves Lucifer, the prince of devils. Mephistopheles also reveals that it was not Faustuss power that summoned him but rather anyone that abjured the scriptures would result in the devil coming to claim ones soul. Again you are re-telling me the story, but I can ´t see the point when you connect the characteristics of the tragic hero with those present in Faustus. I charge you to return and change thy shape, Thou art too ugly to attend on me. Go, and return an old Franciscan friar: That holy shape becomes a devil best How pliant is this Mephistopheles, Full of obedience and humility, Such is the force of magic and my spells (Iii 25 33) I am a servant of to great Lucifer And may not follow thee without his leave. No more than he commands must we perform (Iii 39 41) Using Mephistopheles as a messenger, Faustus strikes a deal with Lucifer: he is to be allotted twenty-four years of life on Earth, during which time he will have Mephistopheles as his personal servant. At the end he will give his soul over to Lucifer as payment and spend the rest of time as one damned to Hell. This deal is to be sealed in Faustus own blood. After having cut his arm, the wound is divinely healed and the Latin words Homo, fuge! (Man, fly!) appear upon it. Despite the dramatic nature of this obvious divine intervention, Faustus disregards the inscription with the presumption that he is already damned by his actions thus far, therefore left with no place to which he could flee. Mephistopheles brings coals to break the wound open again, and thus Mephistopheles begins his servitude and Faustus his oath. To sum up, Faustus own greed drove him to the grave and ruin. The Devil claimed his property and take Doctor Faustus to the depths forever. Juan, Im sorry to tell you but althugh this essay strangely displays a perfect grammar (for evidently theres cut and paste from wikipedia for MOST of the essay) you are not proving the point you are supposed to. Bear in mind the characteristics of the tragic hero and connect them to evidence y the text. Im quite disappointed, in fact. Mark: 4 (four)

The Standard.com Case Study :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

The Standard.com Case Study The Standard provides critical and timely information about the Internet economy and furthermore gives a sophisticated coverage of the people, the companies, and the business models shaping it. Their content comprises insightful news analysis, business model reviews, personality profiles, and industry metrics, which support are both a print magazine, The Industry Standard and the online publication TheStandard.com. The Standard is a business-to-business Web site designed for senior-level executives who wants to keep up with the e-business. However, The Standard does not look at products, it analyses the business models behind them, the people that create them and their chances to be successful in the electronic marketplace. The audience consists of Internet business strategists and last year they had 450,00 unique visitors a month. The Standard considers itself, and is considered, as the leading online magazine in the e-business field, hence they developed a targeted message: â€Å"TheStandard: Intelligence for the Internet Economy.† Their logo is very simple and also conveys the idea of effectiveness and professionalism because of its apparent simplicity. The Web site has three columns on a black background. The left one is a menu, which is red, matching the logo. This menu constitutes the â€Å"solid† part of the design, meaning it is always there as the user clicks on different sections or articles. The middle part is white with a blue border and constitutes the frame that changes, where articles and links appear. However, leaving TheStandard’s main frame is not â€Å"just a click away,† as most of their links stay within their site. The last column on the left is for advertisings, which change as you click on different sections. Nevertheless, most of them remain business oriented such as Office.com, Visa or Worldcom. In addition, the site has a

Boot Camps and Juvenile Crime Essay -- Juvenile Crime Boot Camps Incar

Boot Camps and Juvenile Crime Five years ago, responding to an increase in serious juvenile crime, the state of Maryland initiated one of the nation's largest boot camp programs for teenage criminals. The program, called the Leadership Challenge, quickly became the model for other states. But last week, after reviewing a task force report that documented instances of physical abuse at their camps, Maryland officials appeared on the verge of conceding that the current initiative was a failure. Military-style discipline may work as punishment at juvenile boot camps, but it has not been effective as rehabilitation. The Maryland experience, together with problems in other states, has already led some states to close their boot camps and even to rethink how their penal laws treat young offenders. All in all, it is a remarkable turn of events for an idea that was once greeted as a breakthrough in the fight against juvenile crime There is increasing evidence that boot camps never worked. A national study last year by the Koch Crime Institute, a public policy group in Topeka, Kan., showed that recidivism among boot camp attendees ranged from 64 percent to 75 percent, slightly higher than for youths sentenced to adult prisons. Gerald Wells, a senior research associate at the Koch Institute, said of the report, "The shocking parts are the allegations of abuse, but the more alarming parts are the failures." Research has also shown, according to Mr. Wells and other penal justice experts, that these camps were grounded in a false and unexamined assumption. "People thought boot camps shaped up a lot of servicemen during three wars," Mr. Wells added. "But just because you place someone in a highly structured environment with discipline, does not mean once they get home, and are out of that, they will be model citizens." Boot camps have their roots in the 1970's, with the advent of large, well-organized and extremely violent street gangs. In response to these groups, many states began to imprison more young people. By the 1990's, as the number of repeat juvenile offenders rose to record levels, it became clear that prison sentences were not working. In 1994, nearly 10,000 juveniles were charged with criminal offenses, an all-time high. More than 2,300 of them were charged with murder, compared with fewer than 1,000 in 1980, according to th... ...and they also need to learn respect, self-respect, discipline and a new way of conducting themselves in society," Ms. Townsend said. "Facilities that provide structure and discipline can be run effectively and have a role in our fight after juvenile crime." Many experts disagree, citing the expense of running such programs properly. "It's a budget issue," said Doris Mackenzie, a University of Maryland criminology professor. "They are popular in the public, people feel we should treat these kids tough, and everyone can get onto the bandwagon," she said. "But when it comes to this extra expense of doing the follow-up, we find, the money is not there." In any case, juvenile crime has been falling since 1994, after an overall drop in the nation's juvenile population. This will make it highly unlikely, say political observers, that voters will agree to pay for individualized rehabilitation. Much more likely, they say, is that the 27,000 young people who once went to boot camp each year will instead be sent to prison. As bad as boot camps have proved to be, Mr. Wells added, "once you start incarcerating kids, you have lost. But unfortunately, that is where we seem headed."

The Analysis †Amazing Grace

The Analysis – Amazing Grace Kiel Carino ENG 125 Professor Olabisi Adenekan October 29, 2012 The Analysis – Amazing Grace The poetry â€Å"Amazing Grace† by John Newton is one of the most famous poems ever written and composed. â€Å"Amazing Grace† has been particularly influential and has affected lives since it was written. The reasons why â€Å"Amazing Grace† is influential are for the same reasons why I found this poem very interesting and engaging. The literary elements that attributed to the poem’s quality and importance are its form, content, and tone.These elements are what make â€Å"Amazing Grace† such an important and significant piece of poetry in history. The form of the poem â€Å"Amazing Grace† is different from other literature readings from the book. â€Å"Amazing Grace† is a special type of literature; a poem in a form of a song. â€Å"A hymn is a lyric poem or sacred song which is written in praise to a deity or spirit† (Wheeler, 2012). This type of literary form is appealing to read and hear. The poem comes to life as it is being played.This type of literary form has an advantage over other types due to the poem is being composed specifically to be heard, not read. The contents of â€Å"Amazing Grace† are overwhelmingly powerful. In the first paragraph, John Newton used words to describe who he was and how a certain sound changed his life. â€Å"Amazing grace! How sweet the sound, / That saved a wretch like me! / I once was lost but now am found, / Was blind, but now I see. † (cited in Clugston, 2010). In this paragraph, Newton used words such a wretch to describe himself.He also stated that he was lost, but the sweet sound helped him and guided him to see, which to me meant that he began to differentiate between right and wrong. In the fourth paragraph, John Newton once again used strong words to captivate its audience by letting the readers know where he st ands with his faith. â€Å"The lord has promised good to me; / His word hope secures; / He will my shield and portion be, / As long as life endures† (cited in Clugston, 2010). Newton stated in this paragraph that he will maintain his faith with the Lord.The Lord promised him good things and he will be eternally grateful. I believe that this poem is a short autobiography of John Newton and how his life was changed forever. The contents of this poem are very strong and as a person of faith, reading a poem of this caliber strengthened by beliefs. The contents kept me attached and encouraged me to keep reading in order to find out more about John Newton’s life and how he was spiritually saved. The tone of â€Å"Amazing Grace† was very slow and methodical. As stated earlier, I believe this poem is a short autobiography of the author and it came from the heart.The author seemed as if he was pouring his heart out as he wrote this poem. â€Å"Through many dangers, toil s, and snares / I have already come; / ‘Tis grace that brought me safe thus far, / and grace will lead me home† (cited in Clugston, 2010). In this passage, he stated that he has been through many trials in his life, but he has overcome all of this through his faith and this faith of his will assist in overcoming what trials lie ahead. After reading this poem, I listed to the audio version and the audio version enhanced its meaning.The slow and sad tone of this poem graciously depicted John Newton’s struggles, prior to being saved spiritually. The poem â€Å"Amazing Grace† by John Newton is one of the most famous poems ever written and composed. â€Å"Amazing Grace† has been particularly influential and has affected lives since it was written. The reasons why â€Å"Amazing Grace† is influential are for the same reasons why I found this poem very interesting and engaging. The literary elements that attributed to the poem’s quality and imp ortance are its form, content, and tone.These elements are what make â€Å"Amazing Grace† such an important and significant piece of poetry in history. By combining the form, contents, and the tone, John Newton beautifully created a masterpiece that will continuously affect people for years to come. Reference: Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, California: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Wheeler, D. L. K. (2012). Literary terms and definition. Retrieved on October 25, 2012 from http://web. cn. edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_H. html

Communication Skills Visual Aids And Personal Grooming Education Essay

In todays modern universe, there are assorted types of societal jobs, such as offense, larceny and equal force per unit area. These societal jobs are largely harmful and convey approximately negative impacts. However, one of the societal jobs – equal force per unit area, may be viewed as a positive force per unit area that motivates pupils to make good in school. Peer force per unit area is defined as a individuals ‘ influence towards another individual ‘s determination by coercing them to make something that they would otherwise would n't make, or coercing them to make something if they did non hold the bravery to make so. However, peer force per unit area can be a strong influence during pupil life when equals are rather of import to a pupil individuality.Main organic structureIn my sentiment, I agree that equal force per unit area is effectual in actuating pupils to make good in school as such that it is good for them. The first ground is, by seting force per un it area on pupils it can assist them force their head set to a higher measure to derive entry into reputable higher instruction institutions/colleges. In today ‘s universe, paper makings are really of import in finding the hereafter of a individual. To hold an added-value, the institute that a pupil is analyzing in or alumnus from is really of import. Peer force per unit area will promote healthy competition between pupils to obtain differentiation classs to be qualified to use for scholarship when they are come ining colleges. Therefore, this leads to the 2nd positive consequence equal force per unit area has on a pupil which is, it serves as a good preparation land for pupil to pull off their resources and program sagely. Besides being academically successful, peer force per unit area besides encourages pupil to fall in school activities. These maintain the pupil from societal ailments while populating a healthy and active life style. Involving in school activities such as e vent, societal assemblage, athletics twenty-four hours and charity work will reflect a good fillip for future occupation application. Besides, physical co-curriculum helps the pupils to remain alert during categories, being able to concentrate and absorb whatever that is being taught. In fact, equal force per unit area is one of the chief incentives for a pupil to pattern doing smart determination and good behaviour in a pupil life. For illustration, see that a pupil who is being surrounded with friends who are endeavoring for good academic consequences. This manner the pupil is pressured to make good academically every bit good as being supported and encouraged by his like-minded equals. This will assist the pupil to do wise determination in his pick of friends in approaching hereafter. Peer force per unit area besides motivates teamwork in the life a pupil. Undertakings and presentations in schools are usually performed in groups. To demo a sense of duty every bit good as being accredited as the best group, a pupil is healthily motivated to make the best in making his/her portion in a group assignment in order to non allow down the group. Socially awkward pupil can larn societal norms from their other classmates to suit into the schooling environment. A positive equal group in school will forestall pupils from prosecuting in harmful or hazardous behaviours by actuating the pupils to be more confident and act as a positive wise man ; puting a good illustration for their other equals to follow. Besides that, a small peer force per unit area can be a tool to actuate pupils to accomplishing great highs. For case, when a weak pupil is fighting with his surveies, his schoolmates can assist by promoting him in every small betterment he makes. This will non merely do the weak pupil feel motivated to analyze, but besides to better his friendly relationship with his friends.Therefore, this equal force per unit area is healthily promoting all the other pupils to emulate the well-bred pupil to avoid from falling into societal ailments. However, parents has a really of import function to play besides because good equal force per unit area must besides depend on the parents on how they control and how they teach their kids with the right manner of making thing alternatively of the incorrect manner such as, call on the carpeting them without listening to their kids account, physically crushing up their kids and much more. With all this sort of negative controlling and learning their kids, this is the clip when negative equal force per unit area comes in and it will finally do the kids lives harder and harder. When this occurs, pupils might non be concentrating good in school, nerve-racking, emotional, and disrespectful. If those negative equal has been interrupts the pupil ‘s head, their attitude would alter and will seek to pick up some bad influences such as smoke, imbibing and besides arising against the authorization. This full negative attitude may take to hapless classs and offense. Student may besides pic k up those bad wonts if they were non treated decently by their parent. Erstwhile pupils have to be pressured to blend with the proper crowd. In this instance, that is where equal groups are besides of import and helpful.DecisionIn my decision, parents must besides give positive equal force per unit area to their kids when they were little. Most of the people think that equal force per unit area is a negative and harmful â€Å" every act has the negative and the positive parts † but when it comes to positive equal force per unit area it is really a good force per unit area. Positive equal force per unit area truly benefits and helps a batch for pupil to be motivated in school and keeps them on path with their friends and surveies. It is besides of import to give a small push of force per unit area to assist them to accomplish their end and success in life for their hereafter and recognizing their end in the hereafter and to cognize how to distinguish the right and the incorre ct.Question 2IntroductionSince the 1890ss, computing machine has become a really utile and popular engineering ; today the computing machine has become a necessity in our modern old ages and computing machines help really much in pupil ‘s surveies and for the working grownup and so on. First of wholly, computing machine games are one of the chief grounds why adolescents and immature kids even grownups likewise are attracted to the computing machine. With modern engineering available now in this century, one can play a computing machine game through the Internet with the populace from far-off states. In my sentiment, I think that computing machine games would impact our life as a college pupil or non depends on the clip allocated for playing and the types of computing machine games played by the peculiar pupil him/herself.AMain organic structureFirst of all, I would wish to explicate the ground of why playing computing machine games will impact our lives as a college pupil. Bas ically, negative dependence towards the computing machine games normally fall to the pupil who does n't cognize how to pull off their clip decently and holding spent most of their clip in playing computing machine games will do them be given to lose their involvement and concentrate in more of import things like their surveies. Most college pupil likes to play computing machine games till midnight and the consequence of playing till midnight can do them to hold deficiency of kiping clip and will diminish their watchfulness and concentration in during categories. A lessening in watchfulness and concentration or focal point at college will impact their academic public presentation. Nowadays game developers are sharply presenting new and more sophisticated games. These games are strategized to light hungriness for triumph or satisfaction in the participant of these computing machine games. Therefore, each triumph fuels another impulse for a new challenge, taking to the college pupil co ntinually spending clip playing computing machine games. Apart from that, there are some computing machine games which are classified as â€Å" violent † or â€Å" aggressive † . These games may hold inauspicious consequence on the computing machine game participants. A pupil may be excessively absorbed into the practical universe computing machine games until they have the inclination of losing control of themselves and go more aggressive, imitating the violent characters in the â€Å" violence-type † computing machine game. Besides that, passing excessively many hours in playing computing machine games and non traveling out with friends will do societal jobs in the life of a college pupil. Some societal ailments are the pupil that is addicted to playing computing machine games will go diffident and introvert. Playing computing machine games does non affect any of the physical activity and the most physical parts are use while playing is merely custodies and fingers. Therefore, playing computing machine games may do the indolence of playing athletics such as football, badminton, and tennis and so on. Sometimes, as college pupils, speedy high-calories bites or debris nutrient which is really unhealthy nutrient becomes the pick of diet/food, because it is instant, delightful and the computing machine gamer can eat while playing computing machine games. This will take to an unhealthy life style and besides fleshiness jobs. After a long treatment of the negativeness of playing computing machine games, I can non wholly disagree that playing computing machine games will impact our life as a college pupil. This is because it besides depends on the assorted types of the games that they play and on how they manage their clip on playing. And now I would wish to explicate the ground why I think playing computing machine games will non impact life as a college pupil. First of all computing machine games has ne'er fail to come out with as a beginning of amusement, loosen uping, let go ofing emphasis for college pupils after a long twenty-four hours of surveies. Some computing machine games might besides develop us to do speedy determination and it besides helps us to believe â€Å" outside the box † and to be more originative. Computer games does non merely promote amusement but accomplishments, for illustration strategic games, the participant must hold the strong sense, planning or thought in order to w in the game such as how to equilibrate the resource, keeping confederations or supporting the metropolis against being onslaught by the oppositions. This may be applicable in a college pupil ‘s ain live, whereby they can larn to equilibrate their clip resources, their surveies resources every bit good as program their perusal agenda good. Besides that, cooperation and strong teamwork are more prevailing in computing machine games than of all time, computing machine games require all the participants to pass on efficaciously with each other in the squad ; for illustration following waies and executing the undertakings expected to the squad to accomplish triumph, whereby much like group presentation in college and so on. Besides that, difference between clip spent on playing computing machine games versus the clip spent in watching telecasting is that watching telecasting is wholly a inactive experience because Television viewing audiences merely turn on and get down to get down whatever is presented on that show. On the other manus, we are more active while playing computing machine games and have to utilize analytical thought accomplishments on work outing jobs. So over clip, the differences between disbursement clip on playing computing machine games to exert our encephalon is much more meaningful than watching telecasting which is merely sitting down. Another ground which is, most of the clip we begin a game at the easiest degree and by degree to level it becomes harder and harder and with our changeless practicing and easy edifice accomplishments, we have the assurance in managing more and more hard challenges. Since we lose nil in failure with playing computing machine games, in that instance, we do non fear that much of doing error and we tend to take more hazards and explore more. Possibly, playing computing machine games is much safer than holding us addicted to drugs, intoxicant and street racing in the existent universe, all this act will do our life much more danger and shorter so.DecisionIn decision, I think that playing computing machine games will non impact our life as a college pupil every bit long as they know how to maintain path of the clip that is spent on playing computing machine games. This is because computing machine games played with wise clip allotment are ways to loosen up our heads after a long twenty-four hours of surveies. Besides, computing machine games can learn us how to pull off our resources sagely, and to advance teamwork every bit good as train us to be more confident in taking hazards. Always remember that passing excessively much clip on computing machine games will impact our life as a pupil and besides will impact our wellness.

Can Art Change the Way We View the World

Can Art Change the Way We View the World? Susan Agee Classics in Philosophy of Art – P346 Gregory Steel Fall 2012 For centuries, art has been interwoven throughout the history of mankind. From primitive carvings on cave walls and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, to the Sistine Chapel and the Mona Lisa, artistic creations have enthralled the human race. Art may be a window to the creator’s world; it has potential to instill desire in the viewer to do something they have never done, be somewhere they have never been and inspire to fulfill a dream or goal.Additionally, Art may possibly allow the artist to illustrate their own perception of a place or even attempt to deceive the viewer. However, to truly understand how we see the world we must delve a little deeper than the obvious, which is through our senses, particularly sight. In order to comprehend the world around us, we must first realize that thoughts are based on perception foremost and that those ideas then create a subjective model of the world, constructed from experience, memory, logical inference, and our brain's ability to map out its own internal representation of our individual surroundings.Therefore, whether it is through visual art, literature, poems, sculpture, photography or cinema, art may very well be able to change the way we see the world, by changing our perception. The first recognizable art dates from at least 38. 000BC in Europe, Africa, and Australia. They are the products of minds as intellectually capable and sophisticated as our modern ones and they were just like us, despite the fact that their society was slightly more primitive than ours. Works of this early period are not simple, as if created by a child, but in fact they are quite complex pieces depicting animals, humans and symbols.Additionally, drawings similar to maps, as well as carvings, portable art and elaborately decorated animal skulls have been found in caves all over the world. In the book The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art by David Lewis-Williams, the author describes these items stating â€Å"many of these pieces bear images of animal, fish, birds and, less commonly, what appear to be human figures as well as complex arrangements of parallel lines, chevrons and notches. These objects d’art as people tend to think of them, were made from bone, mammoth ivory, amber and antler† (Lewis-Williams 2004).Were these ancient artists creating images to simply communicate with others or were they expressing their emotions in the only way they knew how? Although there is no way to tell for certain the artists’ intentions, it is evident that this â€Å"art† played a role in prehistoric society. Still, art has not always had the same meaning as it does today. In fact, in the time of the philosophers Plato, Socrates and Aristotle the idea of art was related to the Latin word ars, which means craft or specialized form.These individuals based their views of art on the notion that the artist must be trained for his craft and each had differing, yet very similar ideas about art and its place in society. For instance, Socrates believed that paintings and poems â€Å"stand triply removed from the real; that is, there are two realms of existence more real than art objects, the Forms themselves and the things of daily life. The basis for this view is the assumption that the goal of art is the imitation of mundane reality† (Wartenberg, 13). Our brain has developed a way of viewing the world over millions of years of evolution that enables us to succeed and survive.Natural selection has tuned our brains so that we may navigate, manipulate, and meaningfully differentiate our environment and the objects contained in it. So what we see in our minds is a functional model of the physical world, which closely approximates it but is not identical to it; certainly not in the way we are in the habit of assuming. But still this traditio nal skepticism about perceptual experience has often created questions as to whether we can know that things are as we experience them as being, or if the visual world is a grand illusion.To illustrate this idea that perceptual experience may be different than what is real, consider the optical illusion. Artists such as Charles Allan Gilbert and M. C. Escher were masters of the craft of illusion in art. For example, in 1892 Charles Allan Gilbert drew a picture that he called â€Å"All is Vanity†. This piece of artwork is an ambiguous optical illusion using a skull, which has been the object of many pieces of this type, where we see more than one thing in the picture. If we view the overall image, we see a human skull. When we focus on the details of the picture, we see a woman ooking in her vanity mirror. If we look at a close-up, cropped image of â€Å"All is Vanity†, we don't see the skull we just see details of a woman sitting at her dressing table. However, if we e xpand our view, even without seeing the entire image, once we know we're going to see a skull, we can't help but see it. Also, when we look at the picture from a distance, because of all the black surrounding it, once the details of the woman get distorted we still only see a skull. Additionally, M. C. Escher used his expertise in mathematics to create his optical illusions in art.He was fascinated with tessellations, which are arrangements of closed shapes that completely cover the plane without overlapping and without leaving gaps. Typically, the shapes making up a tessellation are polygons or similar regular shapes, such as the square tiles often used on floors. Escher, however, was fascinated by every kind of tessellation – regular and irregular – and took special delight in what he called â€Å"metamorphoses,† in which the shapes changed and interacted with each other, and sometimes even broke free of the plane itself.The regular solids, known as polyhedra, held a special fascination for Escher. He made them the subject of many of his works and included them as secondary elements in a great many more. In the woodcut â€Å"Four Regular Solids† Escher has intersected all but one of the Platonic solids in such a way that their symmetries are aligned, and he has made them translucent so that each is discernible through the others. Additionally, among the most important of Escher's works from a mathematical point of view are those dealing with the nature of space. In the book â€Å"The Magic of M.C. Escher† J. I. Locher states â€Å" this unique interplay between insight and limitation, between possible and impossible worlds has given Escher’s body of work a wholly personal presence in the panorama of visual arts† (J. I. Locher 2000). His woodcut â€Å"Circle Limit III† is a good place to review these works, for it exemplifies the artist's concern with the dimensionality of space, and with the mind's abil ity to discern three-dimensionality in a two-dimensional representation and Escher often exploited this latter feature to achieve astonishing visual effects.To get a sense of what this space is like, one can imagine that he or she is actually in the picture itself. Walking from the center of the picture towards its edge, he/she would shrink just as the fishes in the picture do, so that to actually reach the edge one would have to walk a distance that, to the individual, seems infinite. Indeed, being inside this hyperbolic space, it would not be immediately obvious that anything was unusual about it – after all, one has to walk an infinite distance to get to the edge of ordinary Euclidean space too.However, if one is observant enough, he/she might begin to notice some odd things, such as that all similar triangles were the same size, and that no straight-sided figure we could draw would have four right angles; that is, this space doesn't have any squares or rectangles. In addi tion to ambiguous and mathematical illusions, there is a process known as anamorphosis. There are two types of anamorphosis: perspective or oblique and Mirror, or catoptric. It requires the viewer to use special devices or occupy a specific vantage point to recreate the image.While some of these works of art are more advanced than others, one thing remains constant; the perception of depth in a two-dimensional illustration. With mirror anamorphosis, a conical or cylindrical mirror is placed on the drawing or painting to transform a flat distorted image into a three dimensional picture that can be viewed from many angles. The deformed image is painted on a plane surface surrounding the mirror. By looking uniquely into the mirror, the image appears as it should in natural form.Just as Escher and Gilbert were masters in creating works of illusion with their drawings, so too are the artists that give life to their renditions of this type. Salvador Dali was among many other artists of hi s time to have been intrigued with this form of art and utilized this technique in many of his paintings. Modern day artists of this sort use sidewalks, underpasses, buildings and pavement as their canvases. This type of art is referred to as â€Å"3D art† and it has been seen everywhere from London to New York.