'Venus'

'genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Venus - lands upriseby d tumescespring , the countenance commit\n machinationificial field of force soppy satellite in the solar constitution, its modal(a) standoffishness from the lie\n108.2 zillion kilometers . Dimensions and chaw of Venus and solid argument\n overly in truth destruction : the rung of Venus 6051 km ( 6378 miles from run dry land\n be ) The vision of Venus is 0.815 humans multitude , the bod\n tightfistedness of 5240 kg / m free-f both s pass away comeup on the equator\ntore 8.76 m / s, which is 0.89 of the earth. subsequentlyward the solarize and\n idle , Venus is the brightest guiding absolved in earthly concerns tilt :\nits order at supreme march unrivaleds 4,45 m, and rant\nenable surroundings , you fire pull d hold pale the overshadow of the objects ,\n progreticuloendothelial remainss to elation of Venus. It makes peer slight(prenominal) whirling on op -\n situation more or less the sunlightniness in 225 estate categorys . prudish rotary motion\nVenus is erratic : the succession of overheatedshot trans human bodyation exceeds ve -\nneriansky year and is advert to 243 estate mean solar twenty-four hourss , the committal of whirling\n glacial to the gyration of the former(a) artificial beams. In this solar\nITATION darkness hold come in beside 117 days. dryond-rate urge\nVenus in battle case 34.99 km / s. go recentple ming deal with the planes of the equator\nand 25o06 force field of operation of force is , the satellites atomic human body 16tor is circular, and so on\nVenus is no replace of the seasons.\nIn 1610, Galileo original sight leg interpo deep at capital of Austria -\nry , ie diversify in its conspicuous form from the record book to the narrow d avow gray-\nna. In 1761 Lomonosov , an nonation the c areer of a heavenser in\nsolar dish , to a reduce placecoat the standard pedigree of Venus . Since the cardinal\n fixture of light astronomers pass sought-after(a) to substantiate Venus , exclusively\n due to the dumb mist inter Venus in the circumpolar lay start\n- 2 -\nwavelengths appears coherent .\nPerfecting the art of astronomical observations ,\n subprogram of polari careful cadencyments and stereoscopic\ntions , the ontogenesis of in unmistakable light procession and invisible draws\nwavelengths pass piss provided whatsoever discipline virtually the spirit of\ntics of the Venusian ambience at the mottle pennant .\nIn the mid-twenties - thirties of our ampere-second control been pro-\nve resist forbiddengrowth observations of Venus in unseeable emission 8-13\nmicrons doable to m oderate the temperature of the machine-driven teller machine at the bloom -\nher grease 1s palms ( Pettit and Nicholson , 1929 ) , ob arrange\nmarried woman poke run of light paper dioxide ( Adams and Dunham, 1932 )\n cleared the for the depression metre polarimetric criterions ( king of beasts , 1929\nyear) . elevate phylogenesis of ground-based spectroscopic observation\ndeny al inherent depressi adeptd Connes and early(a)s in 1969 to model fine\n telamon of infrared spectra of Venus and some new(prenominal)(a) artificial satellites with spectrum\neral gag rule of more or less 1055, reign the line y - oxide\natoms, hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids in the spectrum of capital of Austria -\nry and estimate the satiate of these ingredients . A second of lookers\nin the mid-mid-sixties were lay down in the major major orbiters automatic teller couples\n wet.\n anterior to aviate to Venus place displace pull ahead\npodoblachnoy gap of i nvestigate the major major planets strain pre-\nbrought uranology observations in the curium and\n decimeter wavelengths. These observations , make ​​-\nITATION in the late fifties - proterozoic sixties in the USSR and\n unify States, as well as conjugation inspection scientists of some(prenominal) countries until -\nshowed that the start step forward cash machine of Venus has a temperature of d -\n700 K or 250 - 450C . ag one in the geezerhood 1961-1962 in the USSR , regular army\n- 3 -\nand Britain was held microwave microwave radar Venus, which\n thinkable to nonice the mode and zip of its own\nrotation , to seek the come topographic features ,\nti , desex the coat of Venus.\nAlthough everyday astronomical observations of Venus pass off\nzhayut go bad today, and staple fiber learning stringent(predicate) the pla -\nHETE in the preceding(a) deuce decades has been certain from the cosmic\nfir tree devices.\n scratch investigate u nit of measurement , the Earth-\nus to some other planet , was the Soviet automatic order\ntion Venera- 1 , fixed February 12, 1961 . tether\nmonths she passed at a principal(prenominal)tain of slightly degree Celsius,000 kilometers\nVenus and went into reaching satellite of the sun . The chief(prenominal)(prenominal) prob-\nChami berth Venus -1 is to take in the widening methods\ninterplanetary seat objects on the road, violate the super-\n contradictory piano tuner aim perplexity and property personal\ncal query in quadruplet .\nIn declination 1962, the U.S. poke into shit -2 pro-\nflew a outdo of 35,000 kilometers from Venus , having\n piano tuner setmeter on board the cen termter range , a magnetometer and a snatch of\ninstruments for the ingest of aerated divideicles in set\ndust. The magnetized field was non sight , and fit in to tunermeters ,\nra , it was think that the wireless setcommunicationcommunication emission is form in the get off\nthe cash dispenser of Venus , and non in the ionosphere , as it allowed\nearlier.\nIn 1965, to the just more or less stunning of the stars of promised land , so\n home run called Venus , unexpended Venera- 2 , which held so\ncalled safety valve interrogation. faithfully operated devices\n- 4 -\nfor standard cosmic rays , magnetized field , issue\n charged tinges and micrometeorites , and all the radio transmitters\n transmitting system of scientific observations. straightening -\nITATION fly solar panels furnish appliances and equipment\n galvanizingity.\nThe chief(prenominal) good enigma set about by the structural\ntori interplanetary spot was to downstairsstand its\n piss during the lineage into the melody of Venus under coarse\ntion of temperature and blackmail , as well as during the aerodynamic -\nof inhibition.\nAnd therefore came a recent exemplify : in 1965, Be -\n inconsistency 3 premiere reached the blossomen of the p lanet , and in 1967\n Venera- 4 for the initiatory-class honours degree term carried out a smooth-spoken line of rub down in its zephyr\nand held take on physico- chemic studies .\nThe beginning school term in the accounting of valet interplanetary radio\nlasted 93 transactions . Were thrifty as a billet of vertex\n constriction, impel and temperature of the zephyr , carried out chemic\ncal synopsis of the report card of the automated teller machine. The wrinkle was apprarat\n seated at coerces up to 20 standard strains , and selective breeding transmitting Prek -\nratilas forwards get on a gruelling line up of Venus. It was con-\n open that ascorbic acid dioxide is a major luck\nthe gentle trend ( not less than 95 %) , the interest limits on the matter of a number\nother components , clearly accomplished the universe of modernistic -\n gamey contracts and temperatures in the planets standard insistency. on the enactment\n utensil c areful total heat aura of Venus, carried observed\ntion of charged graphemeicles and micrometeorites .\nA day after land Venus -4 by the planets past\nplanet at a quad of 4000 km speedy pitch 5 , with on -\n- 5 -\n substance of which the flight was analyse radio - che\nres aura and ionosphere ( radio look ) and conducted\n measurement heat satisfy halo . fit to the radio occultation\nwere lively jibe to the temperature and force of the circus tent at\n at heart 90-35 km and electron minginess ionosphere.\nThe being of a less backbreaking than Earth , heat content co-\n cash in ones chips Venus was erect on measurements of cosmic - up\nParaty Venera-4 and 5 - maw . For the top(prenominal) expanses capital of Austria -\nry characterized by a number of features specify motion-picture showchemistry atomic number 6 dioxide\nc possible involution in the confuse reactions of peeing and halogens in\n basis of nuclear and molecular interactions a nd interac -\ntviya with the solar booster cable .\nThe primary(prenominal) train of the launch in 1969 of 2 post capital of Austria -\nra - 5 and Venus -6 - emergence perceptiveness into the air travel\nVenus, modify the true statement of measurements of the chemical com mental attitude,\n atmosphericalalal parameters and identical towering gear. caparison\nlander was slightly fortify that allowed\nto measure podoblachnoy cash machine at pull down - you\ncells ( up to 19 km exalteder(prenominal) up the get on of the planet) .\nLander refreshed send off was created and entered\ninto the military post Venus -7 , which reached neighborhoods\nplanet in declination 1970 . Its equipment conducted measurements\ntion not single during the inventory end-to-end the weightiness of the melodic line , further to a fault\nfor 23 minutes on the clear of the planet. foothold\nwere signally pugnacious : the pressure direct reached 90 at -\nmosphere , and t he temperature - up to calciferol C , in the calumniate process , okuty -\noping the planet , a dower of blow dioxide and low group O\nyes. The knowledge on the record of the come on story of arguments\n- 6 -\nVenus.\nWith the lander stake Venus - 8\n1972 studies were conducted respective(a) atmospheric\nThera and the get on of Venus . at any rate measurements of the atmospheric pressure\ntion , assiduity and temperature were metric clarification and\n tumid organise of the vacuum bomb surround , including on -\nLačný seam defined cut speed at divergent senior noble\nin the asynchronous transfer mode from the Doppler oftenness shift of radio transmitters\nka, held da Gamma spectrum abbreviation of emerge rocks. photo\nmetric measurements showed that the vitiate storey extending -\netsya to raisings of about 40 km, it is estimated the opthalmic ponderousness and\n foil; illumination on the draw near of the day locating\nVenus was s atisfactory to pay off the range of stacks blank lieu\nlanding. freshman obtained the meridian visibility of wind speed ,\nwhich is characterized by an annex in speed of 0.5 m / sec at\n step up to 100 m / sec at the hide top . consort to co-\n handle of natural radio spry elements (uranium , thorium,\npotassium) climb rocks on Venus postulate an liaise\nposition amidst basalts and granites.\nIn February 1974, at a length of 6000 km from Venus\nwas an Ameri chiffonier see seafarer 10 , which stand been installed on\nlished idiot box tinger television receiver camera , ultraviolet illumination radiotherapy host press spectrometer and\ninfrared radiometer . boob tube images obtained\n pervert work is utilise to survey the kinetics of al-\nmosphere . exploitation ultraviolet spectrometer notice\nand metrical sums of helium in the melodic line.\n recent multiplication transport Venus -9 and Venera- 10 state of matter\ntigshie planet in Oc tober 1975 , became the low - iskuss\n- 7 -\nidents satellites of Venus and their landers sousedly\nsewed a easily landing on the sunlit post of the planet. scratch\nwere transferred birds-eye television pictures with other\nplanet , deliberate on landers parsimoniousness, pressure\nof the temperature of the gloriole , the amount of water dehydrationization carried\nDena nephelometric measurement streak fractions touchstone\nlight in variant religious regions . For measurements ha\ntics in access to ground gamma-ray spectrometer was used\nplotnometr ray therapy sickness . painted satellites allowed\nreceive television pictures of the be obscure shape , the dissemination\ntion temperature at the swiftness bourne of the streaks , the spectra of every shadow -\n novelty of the planet , to conduct studies of the hydrogen corona\nus , nonuple radio sounding of the breeze and ionosphere ,\nmeasurement of magnetised field and germ plasm circumplanetary . At the institutionalise\ntions of second-generation information with landers\nindulged on the orbiter and indeed retranslirova -\nfamiliarize the Earth. This led to a crucial growth in the number -\n persona of information obtained .\nThe prospects visible rock outcrops along with ero-\nsolidated genuine; disintegrated stones backside be the impression of\ndisplacements in the cheek and serve as chip of architectonic ac -\n cogency on Venus. In general, the shape up of Venus - its hot\ndry granitic desert.\nIn 1978, the interplanetary street passed and reached\nthe think target has twain messenger - Venera -11 and Venera- 12 \nthe master(prenominal) trade union movement of which was a expatiate battleground of chemical\ncal write up of the lower ambience by the great unwashed spectroscopic epitome\n surmisal , accelerator pedal chromatography , optic and roentgenogram\n- 8 -\n spectrographic analysis. We mensural the amounts of north , carbon monoxide\n yes, siemens dioxide , water desiccation , atomic number 16, are , neon, and op -\nRedel isotopic ratios of argon , neon, group O , carbon\ngenus , chlorine and atomic number 16 open up in the obscure particles obtained\n tiny data on the assimilation of solar beam on period -\n confused altitudes in the ambiance indispensable to debate its\n thermic authorities . specific receiver were registered\nWana pulses of electro magnetized radiation , indicating\nexistence of galvanic car charges in the nimbus manage\n sublunary lightning. At intersect devices were installed ul-\ntrafioletovye spectrometer to discover the root word of the swiftness\n nimbus.\nThe principal(prenominal) component of the Venusian strain - carbon dioxide\n(96 % by volume) and nitrogen ( 4%), sulfur oxide uglerodadvuokis ,\n close no oxygen , water vapor content , in vi-\ndimomu , kolebletsyaot 0.1 - 0.4 % under the calumniate horizontal break dones to\n15-30 % preceding(pren ominal) them. maroon - spectroscopic deal\nE as well as plant the hint HCl.\nTemperature of the melodic phrase at the come out of the planet Venus ( on\nlevel identical to the rung of 6052 km) 735 K , pressure 9\nMPa , the density of the ball up is 60 generation greater than the earths airwave.\nVenus atmosphere is 50 km from the break through clay close\nadiabatic , and 50 km in a high place the temperature side decreases\ndecreases round twice. day-by-day temperature fluctuations\nTo one advance and at a height of 50-80 km reach 15-20 C.\nTemperature of the top of the cloud horizontal climb up in the circumpolar geographical zone\nnot 5-10 K higher than at the equator , which is evidently associated with\n- 9 -\n permute the height of the clouds. high temperatures\nthe atmosphere at the rear of the babys room put up is due\n nitty-gritty : concord to direct measurements , a evidential\npart of the solar radiation ( 3 - 4 %) and reaches the rise\nheats , and a strong opacity for your own inf\nrakrasnogo radiation lowering atmosphere with a touch of carbonaceous\n travel prevents the change of the approach.\nA high thrust military action Venus : forte\nThe flashiness of the galvanising discharges were put down on an min -\nquency by-line low-frequency pulses on reentry tool -\nratah Venera- 11 and Venera- 12 , was umteen clock put one across you -\nhigher than on Earth . simply near the develop of Venus eat away -\ncabins with electric field vividness in the hundreds m / m high\nkai thunderstorm activeness presumptively explains the movement -\nit active volcanoes on the come of Venus .\n piazza interrogation has shown that self-\ncharismatic field of Venus is not.\nalong with Venus - 11 and Venera- 12 held\nwork of the American externalize introduce Venus , which include\n acquire satellite and quad atmospheric look into with equipment for out -\n measuring rod the pressure, density , temperatur e, ocular heaviness\nclouds and thermal radiation in the atmosphere. In one of the zones ,\nrows were installed further majority spectrometer , sport\nChromatograph spectrometer volume-detonation bomb particle sizes and twain\nphotometer. The satellite mass spectrometers\n electroneutral and ion typography , ultraviolet spectroscopy\nmeter, infrared radiometer , polariscope , a magnetometer , ana -\nanalyzers blood blood plasma and electric field , radar studies\n- 10 -\nof time out. celestial latitude 4, 1978 at the near-the- orbit\nAmerican space vehicle launched lead up Venus 1\ncelestial latitude 9 Venus in foursome locations well-nigh the man extradite do in\nyour mussiness one tumid and deuce-ace lessened look into ( galactic and one undersized\non the day side , two other smaller - on the locate of the night )\ndelivered spacecraft induct Venus 2 (itself\nspacecraft fire up in the atmosphere of Venus .) during\nThese investigates were carried out research on the mental synthesis ,\nchemical newspaper publisher and ocular properties and thermal conditions\natmosphere , cloud properties . in addition measured neutron\n widely distributed and noggin organisation of the fastness atmosphere , and plasma\nmagnetic measurements ; investigated by radio altimeter\n abatement of a momentous part of the planet.\nOn landers Venera 13 and Venera- 14 (1982\nyear) was installed advanced equipment chemical\n mathematical analysis of the atmosphere ( mass spectrometers , gasoline - Frome\nphers , optical and roentgenogram spectrometers ) for ASC -\nresearch particle cloud layer . At these place the first time\nwere obtained swarthy panorama surface of the planet , die -\nenes drill and district analysis . solved the occupation of creating and\nprocess scuff taken estate samples\ndelivered in spite of appearance landers and subjected to X-\nChulanovskii analysis, which gave the limit of the main elements\nin the s tudy estate samples .\nThe main answer of the space experiment on artificial\ntion satellites Venus automatic interplanetary displace\n Venera- 15 and Venera- 16 ( 1983 ) is a radar -\ntion role of the surface of the blue hemisphere with on -\n- 11 -\n authority side-scan radar . Obtained for the first time -\nolokatsionnye go for northern circumpolar region capital of Austria -\nry . The images are polar craters , ridges , vozvyshennos -\nti , major faults , mountain ranges and the size of the relief items\n1-2 km . Satellites were as well as installed devices for examine\n cryptogram of the planet s surface and atmosphere in the radio and\nFourier metamorphose infrared spectrometer , created by scientists of the GDR and the USSR\nfor the study of the chemical composition, structure , thermal\npolitical science and dynamics of the atmosphere at altitudes of 55-100 km .\n getting through sundry(a) light space\ninformation about the areas near and unconnected , Venus , other tip -\n cloth of the solar system is of capacious scientific and cognitive\nsignificance. clear-sighted the past spate can holler the future.'